{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:09:05Z","timestamp":1791356945205,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Breast Cancer Research Program","award":["#19UB-2900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19UB-2900"]}]},{"name":"California Breast Cancer Research Program","award":["#23BB-1700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23BB-1700"]}]},{"name":"charitable gifts","award":["#19UB-2900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19UB-2900"]}]},{"name":"charitable gifts","award":["#23BB-1700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23BB-1700"]}]},{"name":"entire community","award":["#19UB-2900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19UB-2900"]}]},{"name":"entire community","award":["#23BB-1700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23BB-1700"]}]},{"name":"UFSW","award":["#19UB-2900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19UB-2900"]}]},{"name":"UFSW","award":["#23BB-1700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23BB-1700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To fill a research gap on firefighter exposures and breast cancer risk, and guide exposure reduction, we aimed to identify firefighter occupational exposures linked to breast cancer. We conducted a systematic search and review to identify firefighter chemical exposures and then identified the subset that was associated with breast cancer. To do this, we compared the firefighter exposures with chemicals that have been shown to increase breast cancer risk in epidemiological studies or increase mammary gland tumors in experimental toxicology studies. For each exposure, we assigned a strength of evidence for the association with firefighter occupation and for the association with breast cancer risk. We identified twelve chemicals or chemical groups that were both linked to breast cancer and were firefighter occupational exposures, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile aromatics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, persistent organohalogens, and halogenated organophosphate flame retardants. Many of these were found at elevated levels in firefighting environments and were statistically significantly higher in firefighters after firefighting or when compared to the general population. Common exposure sources included combustion byproducts, diesel fuel and exhaust, firefighting foams, and flame retardants. Our findings highlight breast-cancer-related chemical exposures in the firefighting profession to guide equitable worker\u2019s compensation policies and exposure reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12100707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Breast Cancer-Related Chemical Exposures in Firefighters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bethsaida","family":"Cardona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Silent Spring Institute, Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Trowbridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Buren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Fire Service Women, San Francisco, CA 94140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1809-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruthann A.","family":"Rudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silent Spring Institute, Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101662","article-title":"Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950\u20132009)","volume":"71","author":"Daniels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. 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