{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:42:16Z","timestamp":1778514136718,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U. S. Geological Survey"},{"name":"Texas Tech University"},{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this study was to assess health of male Common Carp (carp, Cyprinus carpio) at four sites with a wide range in environmental organic contaminant (EOC) concentrations and water temperatures in Lake Mead National Recreation Area NV\/AZ, US, and the potential influence of regional drought. Histological and reproductive biomarkers were measured in 17\u201330 carp at four sites and 130 EOCs in water per site were analyzed using passive samplers in 2010. Wide ranges among sites were noted in total EOC concentrations (&gt;10Xs) and water temperature\/degree days (10Xs). In 2007\/08, total polychlorinated biphenyls (tPCBs) in fish whole bodies from Willow Beach (WB) in the free-flowing Colorado River below Hoover Dam were clearly higher than at the other sites. This was most likely due to longer exposures in colder water (12\u201314 \u00b0C) and fish there having the longest lifespan (up to 54 years) for carp reported in the Colorado River Basin. Calculated estrogenicity in water exceeded long-term, environmentally safe criteria of 0.1\u20130.4 ng\/L by one to three orders of magnitude at all sites except the reference site. Low ecological screening values for four contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in water were exceeded for one CEC in the reference site, two in WB and Las Vegas Bay and three in the most contaminated site LVW. Fish health biomarkers in WB carp had 25% lower liver glycogen, 10Xs higher testicular pigmented cell aggregates and higher sperm abnormalities than the reference site. Sperm from LVW fish also had significantly higher fragmentation of DNA, lower motility and testis had lower percent of spermatozoa, all of which can impair reproduction. Projections from a 3D water quality model performed for WB showed that EOC concentrations due to prolonged regional drought and reduced water levels could increase as high as 135%. Water temperatures by late 21st century are predicted to rise between 0.7 and 2.1 \u00b0C that could increase eutrophication, algal blooms, spread disease and decrease dissolved oxygen over 5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12100708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fish Health Altered by Contaminants and Low Water Temperatures Compounded by Prolonged Regional Drought in the Lower Colorado River Basin, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"suffix":"Sr.","given":"Steven L.","family":"Goodbred","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reynaldo","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit and Departments of Natural Resources Management and of Biological Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deena","family":"Hannoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy R.","family":"Echols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill A.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, M.R., Turner, K., Goodbred, S.L., and Miller, J.M. (2012). A Synthesis of Aquatic Science for Management of Lakes Mead and Mohave, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1381.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1381"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Macrotrends (2023, October 10). Las Vegas Metro Area Population 1950\u20132023. Available online: http:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/cities\/23043\/Las\/Vegas\/population."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/07438141.2010.540699","article-title":"Characteristics of Lake Mead, Arizona-Nevada","volume":"26","author":"Holdren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.12.013","article-title":"Novel associations between contaminant body burdens and biomarkers of reproductive condition in male Common Carp along multiple gradients of contaminant exposure in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, USA","volume":"219","author":"VanLandeghem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3391\/ai.2012.7.1.002","article-title":"Settlement and growth of quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897) in Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona, USA","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Allen, T. (2023, October 13). The Quagga Conundrum. University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2009. Available online: https:\/\/www.unlv.edu\/news\/article\/quagga-conundrum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141845","article-title":"Movement of synthetic organic compounds in the food web after the introduction of invasive quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) in Lake Mead, Nevada and Arizona, USA","volume":"752","author":"Goodbred","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Tietjen, T. (2023, October 13). Drought and Water Quality in Lake Mead. North American Lake Management Society, Lakeline 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.nalms.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/LakeLine\/35-4\/Articles\/35-4-11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0153","article-title":"Sperm quality assessments for endangered razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus","volume":"141","author":"Jenkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0072","article-title":"Impact of drought on wastewater contaminants in an urban water supply","volume":"39","author":"Benotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nasa Earth Observatory (2024, March 10). Lake Mead Keeps Dropping, Available online: https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/150111\/lake-mead-keeps-dropping."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz9600","article-title":"Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought","volume":"368","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2812","article-title":"Satellites reveal widespread decline in global lake water storage","volume":"380","author":"Yau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.13090","article-title":"Lake management under severe drought: Lake Mead, Nevada, Arizona","volume":"59","author":"Hannoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bevans, H.E., Goodbred, S.L., Miesner, J.F., Watkins, S.A., Gross, T.S., Denslow, N.D., and Schoeb, T. (1996). Synthetic Organic Compounds and Carp Endocrinology and Histology in Las Vegas Wash and Las Vegas and Callville Bays of Lake Mead, Nevada 1992 and 1995, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4266."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2003)015<0055:MAHPOG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Morphometric and histopathological parameters of gonadal development in adult common carp from contaminated and reference sites in Lake Mead, Nevada","volume":"15","author":"Goodbred","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Goodbred, S.L., Smith, S.B., Greene, P.S., Rauschenberger, R.H., and Bartish, T.H. (2024, April 04). Reproductive and Endocrine Biomarkers in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from United States Waters, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/ds227."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.041","article-title":"Sperm quality biomarkers complement reproductive and endocrine parameters in investigating environmental contaminants in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Lake Mead National Recreation Area","volume":"163","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2015.02.015","article-title":"Are endocrine and reproductive biomarkers altered in contaminant-exposed wild male Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) of Lake Mead, Nevada\/Arizona, USA?","volume":"219","author":"Goodbred","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.02.032","article-title":"Chemical contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarker responses in fish from the Colorado River and its tributaries","volume":"378","author":"Hinck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"180","article-title":"Distribution, movements, and habitat use of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a lower Colorado River reservoir, Arizona-Nevada","volume":"60","author":"Mueller","year":"2000","journal-title":"West. N. Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3398\/064.077.0410","article-title":"Use of inflow areas in two Colorado River Basin reservoirs by the endangered Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus)","volume":"77","author":"Albrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"West. N. Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0463","article-title":"Chemical and toxicological assessment of organic contaminants in surface water using passive samplers","volume":"37","author":"Alvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.03.040","article-title":"Bottom sediment as a source of organic contaminants in Lake Mead, Nevada, USA","volume":"88","author":"Alvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0095","article-title":"Sources and distribution of organic compounds using passive samplers in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona, and their implications for potential effects on aquatic biota","volume":"39","author":"Rosen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Alvarez, D.A., and Echols, K.R. (2024). Contaminants measured in multiple environmental media in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area NV\/AZ, USA in 2010. U.S. Geol. Surv. Data Release."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"The potential effects of climate change and drawdown on a newly constructed drinking water intake: Study case in Las Vegas, NV, USA","volume":"27","author":"Hannoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Util. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1295","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1295","article-title":"Assessing treatability with simulated lake drawdown: Quantifying drought-driven turbidity in source water","volume":"4","author":"Hannoun","year":"2022","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, D.A. (2010). Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD) and the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) in Environmental Monitoring Studies, U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey: Techniques and Methods 1-D4.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm1D4"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Huckins, J.N., Petty, J.D., and Booij, K. (2006). Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment: Semipermeable Membrane Devices, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Valentine, J.J. (1983). Colorado River Endangered Fish Hatchery Feasibility Study, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Colorado River Fishery Project."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2458","article-title":"Basic alumina flash chromatographic separation of bulk ortho-PCBs from on-ortho-PCBs, PBDEs, PCDFs, PCDDs, PCDTs, OCPs, and PCTs","volume":"68","author":"Peterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Organohalogen Compd."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Uses of Fishes in Research Committee (Joint Committee of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists) (2014). Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research, American Fisheries Society. Available online: http:\/\/fisheries.org\/docs\/wp\/Guidelines-for-Use-of-Fishes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Luna, L.G. (1992). Histopathological Methods and Color Atlas of Special Stains and Tissue Artifacts, American Histolabs."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2023). Sperm quality biomarkers from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in spring and fall 2010 from Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada, USA. U.S. Geol. Surv. Data Release."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Castille, A.E., and Jenkins, J.A. (2023). Measures of adenosine triphosphate in sperm from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in spring and fall 2010 from Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada, USA. U.S. Geol. Surv. Data Release."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.09.097","article-title":"Assessing reproductive and endocrine parameters in male largescale suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) along a contaminant gradient in the lower Columbia River, USA","volume":"484","author":"Jenkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.59.3.766","article-title":"Rapid simultaneous measurement of DNA, protein and cell volume in single cells from large mammalian cell populations","volume":"59","author":"Crissman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Tiersch, T.R., and Green, C.C. (2011). Male germplasm in relation to environmental conditions: Synoptic focus on DNA. Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species, World Aquaculture Society. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0308-303","article-title":"What is principal component analysis?","volume":"26","author":"Ringner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"SAS Institute, Inc (2018). SAS\/STAT15.1 User\u2019s Guide, SAS Institute, Inc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","article-title":"A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis","volume":"30","author":"Horn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychometrica"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/3236261","article-title":"Parallel analysis: A method for determining significant principal components","volume":"6","author":"Franklin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hodges, B., and Dallimore, C. (2016). Aquatic Ecosystem Model: AEM3D, v1.0., User Manual, Hydronumerics."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4236\/ajcc.2022.113010","article-title":"The influence and implications of climate change on water quality in a large water reservoir in the southwest, USA","volume":"11","author":"Hannoun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/10402381.2014.927942","article-title":"Three-dimensional management model for Lake Mead, Nevada, Part 2: Findings and applications","volume":"30","author":"Preston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kalansky, J., Sheffield, A., Cayan, D., and Pierce, D. (2023, October 23). Climate conditions in Clark County, NV: An Evaluation of Historic and Projected Future Climate Using Global Climate Models; 159p. Available online: https:\/\/www.wucaonline.org\/assets\/pdf\/pubs-clark-county-climate-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.250","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls are still alarming persistent organic pollutants in marine-origin animal feed (fishmeal)","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1021\/es062197m","article-title":"Altitudinal gradients of PBDEs and PCBs in fish from European high mountain lakes","volume":"41","author":"Gallego","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.05.027","article-title":"Age dependence of the accumulation of organochlorine pollutants in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a remote high mountain lake (Redo, Pyrenees)","volume":"133","author":"Vives","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1021\/es030089j","article-title":"Influence of altitude and age in the accumulation of organochlorine compounds in fish from high mountain lakes","volume":"38","author":"Vives","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00435.1","article-title":"Metabolic theory explains latitudinal variation in common carp populations and predicts responses to climate change","volume":"6","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Froese, R., Pauly, D., and FishBase (2023, October 10). World Wide Web Electronic Publication, Version (02\/2024). Available online: www.fishbase.org."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-006-0831-8","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, and potential endocrine disruption in fish from the Hudson River, New York, USA","volume":"68","author":"Baldigo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2009.11.008","article-title":"Monitoring metal and persistent organic contaminant trends through time using quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) collected from the Niagara River","volume":"36","author":"Richman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Gefell, D.J., Banda, J.A., Moore, J.N., Secord, A.L., and Tucker, W.A. (2019). Ecological Hazard Assessment of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin: Part B-Supplemental Document: Technical Resources for Ecological Hazard Assessments of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Fish, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Technical Publication BTP-R3018-2019."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.033","article-title":"Deriving aquatic life criteria for galaxolide (HHCB) and ecological risk assessment","volume":"681","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"USEPA (2024, May 01). National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/wqc\/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-table."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0015-y","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the surface water of the USA: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Deo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124801","article-title":"Direct photodegradation of 36 organic micropollutants under simulated solar radiation: Comparison with free-water surface constructed wetland and influence of chemical structure","volume":"407","author":"Mathon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02772249709358542","article-title":"Toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"64","author":"Delistraty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"USEPA (2024, April 30). Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program Estrogen Receptor Bioactivity, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/endocrine-disruption\/endocrine-disruptor-screening-program-edsp-estrogen-receptor-bioactivity."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2004.10.005","article-title":"Survey of estrogenic activity in fish feed by yeast estrogen-screen assay","volume":"139","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.12.009","article-title":"What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe?","volume":"64","author":"Giesy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1021\/es981294f","article-title":"Analytical methods for detection of selected estrogenic compounds in aqueous mixtures","volume":"33","author":"Snyder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5539\/ep.v1n2p86","article-title":"Determination of estrogen activity in river waters and wastewater in Luxembourg by chemical analysis and the yeast estrogen screen assay","volume":"1","author":"Krein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9110","DOI":"10.1021\/es902583q","article-title":"Site-specific profiles of estrogenic activity in agricultural areas of California\u2019s inland waters","volume":"43","author":"Lavado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Marr, C.L.H. (2007). Endocrine Disruption in Razorback Sucker and Common Carp on National Wildlife Refuges along the Lower Colorado River, U.S. Department of the Interior: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. DEC ID 200220002; Environmental Contaminants Program On-Refuge Investigations Final Report."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Jenkins, J.A., Rosen, M.R., Draugelis-Dale, R.O., Echols, K.R., Torres, L., Wieser, C.M., Kersten, C.A., and Goodbred, S.L. (2018). Sperm quality, reproductive, endocrine parameters and environmental contaminants in common carp from Lake Mead National Recreation Area (1999\u20132006). U.S. Geol. Surv. Data Release."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.09.021","article-title":"Adverse effect of bisphenol A on reproductive physiology in male goldfish at environmentally relevant concentrations","volume":"76","author":"Hatef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1021\/es0201348","article-title":"Relative potencies and combination effects of steroidal estrogens in fish","volume":"37","author":"Thorpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.03.017","article-title":"Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate disrupts pituitary and testicular hormonal functions to reduce sperm quality in mature goldfish","volume":"163","author":"Golshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"General Mechanisms of Toxicity","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Schlenk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230590890187","article-title":"A brief overview of nonneoplastic hepatic toxicity in fish","volume":"33","author":"Wolf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00273.x","article-title":"Salt stress and resistance to hypoxic challenges in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"57","author":"Vlaeminck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"417","article-title":"Histopathological alterations, EROD activity, CYP1A protein and biliary metabolites in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata exposed to benso(a)pyrene","volume":"22","author":"Segner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, J.A., and Draugelis-Dale, R.O. (2006). Bioindicators from Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Sampled from the Imperial Valley in Southern California, U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report: OFR2006-1307.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20061307"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230500214509","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for proliferative thyroid lesions in bony fishes","volume":"33","author":"Fournie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009009355668","article-title":"Gonadal responsiveness to photoperiod extension in captivity-born Sparus aurata (L.) during the male phase","volume":"57","author":"Micale","year":"1990","journal-title":"Boll. Di Zool."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8030(92)90058-6","article-title":"Piscine macrophage aggregates: A review","volume":"2","author":"Wolke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"477","article-title":"Modulation of goldfish testicular testosterone production in vitro by tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and macrophage conditioned media","volume":"292","author":"Lister","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070320606","article-title":"Cell-cell interactions in the testis of teleosts and elasmobranchs","volume":"32","author":"Loir","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(96)90007-X","article-title":"Effect of doxorubin and 4\u2032-epi-doxorubicin on mouse spermatogenesis","volume":"160","author":"Meistrich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01055045","article-title":"A flow cytometric comparison of DNA content and glutathione levels in hepatocytes of english sole (Parophyrs vetulus) from areas of differing water quality","volume":"19","author":"Jenner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.11.082","article-title":"Patterns of metal composition and biological condition and their association in male common carp across an environmental contaminant gradient in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona, USA","volume":"416","author":"Rosen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"219","article-title":"Androgens in teleost fishes","volume":"109","author":"Borg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.10118","article-title":"Vitellogenin induction and histo-metabolic changes following exposure of Cyprinus carpio to methyl paraben","volume":"23","author":"Barse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20585","article-title":"Effects of 17a-ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol on liver and gonadal apoptosis and histopathology in Chalcalburnus Tarichi","volume":"26","author":"Kaptaner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2009.05.012","article-title":"Exposure to waterborne 4-tert-octylphenol induces vitellogenin synthesis and disrupts testis morphology in the South American freshwater fish Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes)","volume":"150","author":"Vazquez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havens, K., and Jeppesen, E. (2018). Ecological responses of lakes to climate change. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10070917"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Ruttner, F. (2020). Fundamentals of Limnology, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aquatic ecosystems and global climate change","volume":"44","author":"Poff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pew Cent. Glob. Clim. Change Arlingt. VA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.10.022","article-title":"Elevated temperatures increase the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to juvenile coho salmon","volume":"146","author":"Laetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021WR031347","DOI":"10.1029\/2021WR031347","article-title":"Assessment of impacts of climate change on Indian riverine thermal regimes using hybrid deep learning methods","volume":"59","author":"Rehana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10606","article-title":"How does climate change affect emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems?","volume":"46","author":"Staudinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2014.924408","article-title":"Guidelines for Use of Fishes in Research\u2014Revised and expanded, 2014","volume":"39","author":"Jenkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fisheries"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/10\/708\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:06:17Z","timestamp":1760112377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/10\/708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12100708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12100708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]}}}