{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:03:52Z","timestamp":1789502632531,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42207498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Guike AB22080067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike AB22080067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUTQDJJ2018123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUTQDJJ2018123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUTQDJJ2019179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUTQDJJ2019179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["42207498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207498"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["Guike AB22080067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike AB22080067"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["GUTQDJJ2018123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUTQDJJ2018123"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["GUTQDJJ2019179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUTQDJJ2019179"]}]},{"name":"Guilin University of Technology Research Initiation Fund","award":["42207498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207498"]}]},{"name":"Guilin University of Technology Research Initiation Fund","award":["Guike AB22080067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike AB22080067"]}]},{"name":"Guilin University of Technology Research Initiation Fund","award":["GUTQDJJ2018123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUTQDJJ2018123"]}]},{"name":"Guilin University of Technology Research Initiation Fund","award":["GUTQDJJ2019179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUTQDJJ2019179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mercury, particularly in its methylated form, poses a significant environmental and health risk in aquatic ecosystems. While the toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercury are well documented, there remains a critical gap in our understanding of the mechanisms governing mercury methylation and demethylation in aquatic environments. This review systematically examines the complex interplay of chemical, biological, and physical factors that influence mercury speciation and transformation in natural water systems. We provide a comprehensive analysis of methylation and demethylation processes, specifically focusing on the dominant role of methanogenic bacteria. Our study highlights the crucial function of hgcAB genes in facilitating mercury methylation by anaerobic microorganisms, an area that represents a frontier in current research. By synthesizing the existing knowledge and identifying key research priorities, this review offers novel insights into the intricate dynamics of mercury cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Our findings provide a theoretical framework to inform future studies and guide pollution management strategies for mercury and its compounds in aquatic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12100715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Overview of Methylation and Demethylation Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Mercury in Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runjie","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Beitou Environmental Protection & Water Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bensen","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Environment Monitoring Station of Shunde, Foshan 528399, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Environment Monitoring Station of Shunde, Foshan 528399, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hengsheng Water Environment Treatment Co., Ltd., Guilin 541100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.051","article-title":"The toxicology of mercury: Current research and emerging trends","volume":"159","author":"Dadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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