{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:18:10Z","timestamp":1791839890937,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing awareness of the potential health risks associated with microplastics\u2019 (MPs) and nanoplastics\u2019 (NPs) presence in the environment has led to a significant rise in research focused on these particles over the past few years. This review focuses on the research on MPs\u2019\/NPs\u2019 presence and spread, pathways of exposure, toxicological effects on human health and legal framework related to MP\/NP challenges. Several research projects have aimed to assess their potential harm to human health, focusing on different systems and organs. After exposure (independent of the pathway), these hazards reach the blood stream and concentrate in different organs. Further, they are responsible for harmful changes, having an immediate effect (pain, inflammation, or hormone imbalance) or lead to a long-term disease (e.g., infertility, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cancer). Toxicological effects have been noticed at high concentrations of MPs, specifically polystyrene, the most widespread typical MP, but only short-term effects have been mostly studied. Significant quantities of consumed MPs have been discovered to have diverse detrimental effects, posing a threat to human welfare. The exact concentrations of microplastics that are inhaled and swallowed and then build up in the human body are still not known. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate the impact of MP\/NP contamination at minimal concentrations and for prolonged durations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12100730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:54:09Z","timestamp":1728546849000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Health Implications of Widespread Micro- and Nanoplastic Exposure: Environmental Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Biological Impact on Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Olivia-Teodora","family":"Preda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7276-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Vlasceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Veronica","family":"Andreescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foreign Languages, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristidis","family":"Tsatsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaroslav","family":"Mezhuev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Heterochain Polymers, A.N. Nesmeyanov Instituite of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Negrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Luiza","family":"Baconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2022.100273","article-title":"Sustainability of biodegradable plastics: New problem or solution to solve the global plastic pollution?","volume":"5","author":"Moshood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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