{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:39:25Z","timestamp":1791517165505,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils presents serious environmental and health risks. This study assessed the bioaccumulation and spatial distribution of nickel, cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper within a sheep-based food chain in the Baia Mare region, Romania, which includes soil, green grass, sheep serum, and dairy products. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), we analyzed the concentrations of these metals and calculated bioconcentration factors (BCFs) to evaluate their transfer through trophic levels. Spatial analysis revealed that copper (up to 2528.20 mg\/kg) and zinc (up to 1821.40 mg\/kg) exceeded permissible limits, particularly near former mining sites. Elevated lead (807.59 mg\/kg) and cadmium (2.94 mg\/kg) were observed in industrial areas, while nickel and cobalt showed lower concentrations, but with localized peaks. Zinc was the most abundant metal in grass, while cadmium transferred efficiently to milk and cheese, raising potential health concerns. The results underscore the complex interplay between soil properties, contamination sources, and biological processes in heavy metal accumulation. These findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring, risk assessment, and mitigation strategies to protect public health from potential exposure through contaminated dairy products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12100752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1729073464000},"page":"752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spatial and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Sheep-Based Food System: Implications for Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Florin-Ioan","family":"Fechete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6059-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorin-Marian","family":"M\u00e2rza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1906-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana-Elena","family":"Olar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences 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Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert-Cristian","family":"Purdoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei R\u0103zvan","family":"Codea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline-Maria","family":"L\u0103c\u0103tu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8030-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana-Rodica","family":"Matei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Plastic Surgery Clinic, Spitalul Clinic de Recuperare, 46-50 Viilor Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"L\u0103c\u0103tu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0373-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela","family":"Hoble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory Regarding Exploitation of Land Improvement, Land Reclamation Systems and Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioan Valentin","family":"Petrescu-Mag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Bioflux SRL, 54 Ceahl\u0103u Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400488 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Engineering, University of Oradea, 1 Universit\u0103\u021bii Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1667-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin-Dumitru","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viticulture and Oenology Department, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chromatography, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business for Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.092","article-title":"Residual Pollution and Vegetation Distribution in Amended Soils 20 years after a Pyrite Mine Tailings Spill (Aznalc\u00f3llar, Spain)","volume":"650","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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