{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:53:21Z","timestamp":1792806801258,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1481000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YQ051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ051"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024JZ38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JZ38"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplinary Projects of the 3-year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplinary Projects of the 3-year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplinary Projects of the 3-year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai","award":["23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1481000"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplinary Projects of the 3-year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai","award":["2022YQ051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ051"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplinary Projects of the 3-year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai","award":["2024JZ38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JZ38"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1481000"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["2022YQ051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["2024JZ38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JZ38"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1481000"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["2022YQ051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ051"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["2024JZ38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JZ38"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Changning District: Excellent PI Project of Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Visual Health Management)","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Changning District: Excellent PI Project of Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Visual Health Management)","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Changning District: Excellent PI Project of Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Visual Health Management)","award":["23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1481000"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Changning District: Excellent PI Project of Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Visual Health Management)","award":["2022YQ051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ051"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Changning District: Excellent PI Project of Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Visual Health Management)","award":["2024JZ38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JZ38"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control","award":["2021YFC2702100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2702100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control","award":["23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1481000"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control","award":["2022YQ051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ051"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control","award":["2024JZ38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JZ38"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Objective: This study investigated the relationship between long-term particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and optic disc parameters\u2014vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR), vertical optic disc diameter (vDD), and vertical optic cup diameter (vCD)\u2014in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (2) Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 65,750 T2DM patients in the 2017\u20132018 Shanghai Cohort Study of Diabetic Eye Disease (SCODE). Optic disc parameters were extracted from fundus images, and PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a random forest model incorporating satellite and meteorological data. Multivariate linear regression models were applied, adjusting for confounders including age, gender, body mass index, blood pressure, glucose, time of T2DM duration, smoking, drinking, and physical exercise. (3) Results: A 10 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure was associated with significant reductions in vCDR (\u22120.008), vDD (\u221242.547 \u03bcm), and vCD (\u221230.517 \u03bcm) (all p-values &lt; 0.001). These associations persisted after sensitivity analyses and adjustments for other pollutants like O3 and NO2. (4) Conclusions: Long-term PM2.5 exposure is associated with detrimental changes in optic disc parameters in patients with T2DM, suggesting possible optic nerve atrophy. Considering the close relationship between the optic nerve and the central nervous system, these findings may also reflect broader neurodegenerative processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12110767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T04:28:43Z","timestamp":1729657723000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PM2.5 Exposure as a Risk Factor for Optic Nerve Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 85\/86, Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China"},{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center\/Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 1440, Hongqiao Road, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 85\/86, Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China"},{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center\/Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 1440, Hongqiao Road, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 85\/86, Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China"},{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center\/Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 1440, Hongqiao Road, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong\u2019An Road, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong\u2019An Road, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong\u2019An Road, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong\u2019An Road, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center\/Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 1440, Hongqiao Road, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center\/Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 1440, Hongqiao Road, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiguang","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EVision Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EVision Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong\u2019An Road, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0166-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senlin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center\/Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 1440, Hongqiao Road, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2017.03.006","article-title":"Long-run health consequences of air pollution: Evidence from Indonesia\u2019s forest fires of 1997","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"916","article-title":"Air Quality and Early-Life Mortality","volume":"44","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Manley, J., and Radoias, V. (2020). Air Pollution and Long Term Mental Health. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11121355"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.086","article-title":"A review of the possible associations between ambient PM2.5 exposures and the development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"174","author":"Shou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2561","article-title":"Cut particulate air pollution, save lives","volume":"375","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiankhaw, K., Chattipakorn, N., and Chattipakorn, S.C. (2022). PM2.5 exposure in association with AD-related neuropathology and cognitive outcomes. Environ. Pollut., 292 Pt. A.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118320"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Lin, G., Xiao, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, B., Zhou, Y., Ma, Y., and Chai, E. (2022). A review of respirable fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced brain damage. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.967174"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2017-0009","article-title":"Air pollution and Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014Evidence and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Palacios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00011-X","article-title":"Abnormalities of the optic disc","volume":"102","author":"Sadun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12807","article-title":"Impact of diabetes on cognitive function and brain structure","volume":"1353","author":"Moheet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, A., Xie, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, S., Yan, J., Zhan, G., Zhou, Z., Zhao, Y., and Li, S. (2022). Type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated cognitive dysfunction: Advances in potential mechanisms and therapies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104642"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01951-7","article-title":"Increased serum 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels are correlated with an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in both children and adults with diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Lin, S., Xu, Y., Lu, L., and Zou, H. (2024). Unique composition of ocular surface microbiome in the old patients with dry eye and diabetes mellitus in a community from Shanghai, China. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03176-2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118865","article-title":"Evaluating the spatiotemporal ozone characteristics with high-resolution predictions in mainland China, 2013\u20132019","volume":"299","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107967","article-title":"Mortality burden due to ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution in China: Application of high-resolution models","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, T., Xu, Y., Zou, H., Lu, L., Yuan, T., Dong, Z., Dong, J., Ke, X., Ling, S., and Ma, Y. (2022). A Generic Pixel Pitch Calibration Method for Fundus Camera via Automated ROI Extraction. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218565"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16033","article-title":"Ophthalmoscopic-Perspectively Distorted Optic Disc Diameters and Real Disc Diameters","volume":"56","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, D., Xu, X., Xu, W., and Xie, J. (2019). The Relationship Between the Actual Level of Air Pollution and Residents\u2019 Concern about Air Pollution: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234784"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121535","article-title":"Concentration prediction and spatial origin analysis of criteria air pollutants in Shanghai","volume":"327","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09996-3","article-title":"The contribution of PM(2.5) to cardiovascular disease in China","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113805","article-title":"Associations of fine particulate matter and constituents with pediatric emergency room visits for respiratory diseases in Shanghai, China","volume":"236","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Qian, S.E., Cai, M., Li, H., Wang, C., Zou, H., Chen, L., Vaughn, M.G., and McMillin, S.E. (2022). Ambient air pollution associated with incidence and dynamic progression of type 2 diabetes: A trajectory analysis of a population-based cohort. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02573-0"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markeviciute, A., Huang-Lung, J., Zemaitiene, R., and Grzybowski, A. (2023). A Review of Ambient Air Pollution as a Risk Factor for Posterior Segment Ocular Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113842"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109977","article-title":"Acute 1-NP exposure induces inflammatory responses through activating various inflammatory signaling pathways in mouse lungs and human A549 cells","volume":"189","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.05.019","article-title":"An Association Between Large Optic Nerve Cupping and Cognitive Function","volume":"206","author":"Vajaranant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101251","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101251","article-title":"An Air Particulate Pollutant Induces Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Human Brain Models","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.010","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Damage","volume":"134","author":"Nickells","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116364","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with retinal neurodegeneration: The prospective Alienor study","volume":"232","author":"Gayraud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.10.016","article-title":"Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Children is Associated with a Thinner Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study","volume":"223","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size","volume":"33","author":"Jonas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25273","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25273","article-title":"Compartmentalized ciliation changes of oligodendrocytes in aged mouse optic nerve","volume":"102","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.08.015","article-title":"Bilateral disc edema in hypertensive emergency","volume":"53","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101156","article-title":"Myopia: Histology, clinical features, and potential implications for the etiology of axial elongation","volume":"96","author":"Jonas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/11\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:18:11Z","timestamp":1760113091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/11\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12110767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12110767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]}}}