{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:59:33Z","timestamp":1788577173317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Scholars Young Scholars Project","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Chongqing Municipal Urban Management, \u201cResearch on Innovative Technology of Microbial Ecological Management of Eutrophic Water Bodies in Chongqing\u201d","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["51808086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808086"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1145"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["YS2021089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2021089"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0133"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["CQSLK-2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023002"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Projects in Chongqing Municipality","award":["2023CQBSHTB3145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CQBSHTB3145"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are a new class of pollutants that can affect hormonal metabolic processes in animals and humans. They can enter the aquatic environment through various pathways and gradually become enriched, thus posing a serious threat to the endocrine and physiological systems of both animals and humans. Nano zero-valent iron has promising applications in endocrine disruptor removal due to its excellent reducing properties and high specific surface area. However, given the dispersed focus and fragmented results of current studies, a comprehensive review is still lacking. In this paper, it was analyzed that the types of endocrine disruptors and their emission pathways reveal the sources of these compounds. Then, the main technologies currently used for endocrine disruptor treatment are introduced, covering physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods, with a special focus on persulfate oxidation among advanced oxidation technologies. Also, the paper summarizes the various activation methods of persulfate oxidation technology and proposes the nZVI-activated persulfate technology as the most promising means of treatment. In addition, this paper reviews the research progress of different modification methods of nZVI in activating persulfate for the removal of EDCs. Finally, the discussion includes recycling studies of nZVI\/PS technology and emphasizes the urgency and importance of endocrine disruptor treatment. The review of this paper provides further scientific basis and technical support for nZVI\/PS technology in the field of endocrine disruptor management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12110814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T09:59:11Z","timestamp":1731491951000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advancements and Challenges in Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron-Activated Persulfate Technology for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6131-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401123, China"},{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7747-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00958-0","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a threat to hormone health: A commentary on behalf of the ESE","volume":"20","author":"Reincke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarnotta, V., Amodei, R., Frasca, F., Aversa, A., and Giordano, C. (2022). Impact of chemical endocrine disruptors and hormone modulators on the endocrine system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105710"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108728","article-title":"Exploring BPA alternatives\u2013Environmental levels and toxicity review","volume":"189","author":"Adamovsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119918","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment: Environmental sources, biological effects, remediation techniques, and perspective","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172484","article-title":"Distribution, migration patterns, and food chain human health risks of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water, sediments, and fish in the Xiangjiang River","volume":"930","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112584","article-title":"Impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in wildlife and humans","volume":"208","author":"Marlatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, U., Kumari, P., Ghosh, A., Sinha, A., Jena, S., Kirti, A., Gupta, A., Choudhury, A., Simnani, F.Z., and Nandi, A. (2024). Detrimental consequences of micropolymers associated plasticizers on endocrinal disruption. Mater. Today Bio, 27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101139"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110680","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of agrochemicals acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"502","author":"Warner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schjenken, J.E., Green, E.S., Overduin, T.S., Mah, C.Y., Russell, D.L., and Robertson, S.A. (2021). Endocrine disruptor compounds\u2014A cause of impaired immune tolerance driving inflammatory disorders of pregnancy?. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.607539"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.200900038","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting agents in the environment\u2013a review","volume":"37","author":"Caliman","year":"2009","journal-title":"CLEAN Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117523","article-title":"Recent advances of mass spectrometry-based analytical methods for endocrine disrupting chemicals in human matrices","volume":"171","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, Y.-K. (2023). A silent threat: Exploring the impact of endocrine disruption on human health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129790"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"111485","article-title":"Endocrine-disruptive chemicals as contaminants of emerging concern in wastewater and surface water: A review","volume":"277","author":"Kasonga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104558","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting compounds: Occurrence, detection methods, effects and promising treatment pathways\u2014A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Vieira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125912","article-title":"Recent developments in physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid treatment techniques for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater","volume":"416","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.05.004","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking water supply system and human health risk implication","volume":"106","author":"Wee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.161181","article-title":"Environmental safety of nanotechnologies: The eco-design of manufactured nanomaterials for environmental remediation","volume":"864","author":"Corsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asghar, N., Hussain, A., Nguyen, D.A., Ali, S., Hussain, I., Junejo, A., and Ali, A. (2024). Advancement in nanomaterials for environmental pollutants remediation: A systematic review on bibliometrics analysis, material types, synthesis pathways, and related mechanisms. J. Nanobiotechnol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02151-3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.12.042","article-title":"Recent advances in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes for organic wastewater treatment","volume":"33","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.076","article-title":"Comparative study of peroxide oxidants activated by nZVI: Removal of 1, 4-Dioxane and arsenic (III) in contaminated waters","volume":"334","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141425","article-title":"Evaluating an integrated nano zero-valent iron column system for emerging contaminants removal from different wastewater matrices\u2013Identification of transformation products","volume":"352","author":"Barka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.04.051","article-title":"Synthesis of nZVI-BC composite for persulfate activation to degrade pyrene: Performance, correlative mechanisms and degradation pathways","volume":"162","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Khetan, S.K. (2014). Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from The Endocrine Society","volume":"153","author":"Zoeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonsioroski, A., Mourikes, V.E., and Flaws, J.A. (2020). Endocrine disruptors in water and their effects on the reproductive system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061929"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pironti, C., Ricciardi, M., Proto, A., Bianco, P.M., Montano, L., and Motta, O. (2021). Endocrine-disrupting compounds: An overview on their occurrence in the aquatic environment and human exposure. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13101347"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120645","article-title":"Review of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in China\u2019s water environments: Implications for environmental fate, transport and health risks","volume":"245","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12875","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04636-4","article-title":"A global overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment: Occurrence, effects, and treatment methods","volume":"20","author":"Puri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ga\u0142\u0105zka, A., and Jankiewicz, U. (2022). Endocrine disrupting compounds (nonylphenol and bisphenol A)\u2013sources, harmfulness and laccase-assisted degradation in the aquatic environment. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112236"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147646","article-title":"Pollution characteristics and mixture risk prediction of phenolic environmental estrogens in rivers of the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei urban agglomeration, China","volume":"787","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.12.037","article-title":"GC\u2013MS analysis and ecotoxicological risk assessment of triclosan, carbamazepine and parabens in Indian rivers","volume":"186","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102017","article-title":"Treatment strategies for enhancing the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water and wastewater systems","volume":"41","author":"Zamri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112196","article-title":"A comprehensive review on current technologies for removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from wastewaters","volume":"207","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12602","article-title":"Treated municipal wastewater as a water source for sustainable aquaculture: A review","volume":"14","author":"Zaibel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Aquacult."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115976","article-title":"Trace determination of eleven natural estrogens and insights from their occurrence in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and river water","volume":"182","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0078","article-title":"Study on endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"43","author":"Nasu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.011","article-title":"Assessment of bisphenol-A in the urban water cycle","volume":"650","author":"Petrie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.10.048","article-title":"Chlorination of bisphenol F and the estrogenic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma effects of its disinfection byproducts","volume":"107","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13781","DOI":"10.1021\/es4026408","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of hormones, phytoestrogens, and estrogenic activity in an anaerobic swine waste lagoon","volume":"47","author":"Yost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136247","article-title":"Occurrence of estrogens, androgens and progestogens and estrogenic activity in surface water runoff from beef and dairy manure amended crop fields","volume":"710","author":"Havens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katibi, K.K., Yunos, K.F., Che Man, H., Aris, A.Z., bin Mohd Nor, M.Z., and Binti Azis, R.S. (2021). Recent advances in the rejection of endocrine-disrupting compounds from water using membrane and membrane bioreactor technologies: A review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13030392"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2023.119621","article-title":"A novel magnetic porous organic cage adsorbent for high-efficient removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from environmental water","volume":"285","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132628","article-title":"Removal of antibiotics and estrogens by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"461","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122161","article-title":"Removal of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) by bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) via enzyme catalysis and electron transmission","volume":"368","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.08.038","article-title":"Efficient removal of bisphenol-A by ultra-high surface area porous activated carbon derived from asphalt","volume":"140","author":"Javed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109268","article-title":"Strategies based on the use of microorganisms for the elimination of pollutants with endocrine-disrupting activity in the environment","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116551","article-title":"Biodegradation of natural and synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals by aerobic granular sludge reactor: Evaluating estrogenic activity and estrogens fate","volume":"274","author":"Castellanos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7733","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-05489-9","article-title":"Removal of 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) and 17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol (EE2) by a sequencing batch reactor following UV\/H2O2 process","volume":"21","author":"Gomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katibi, K.K., Yunos, K.F., Che Man, H., Aris, A.Z., Mohd Nor, M.Z., Azis, R.S., and Umar, A.M. (2021). Contemporary techniques for remediating endocrine-disrupting compounds in various water sources: Advances in treatment methods and their limitations. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193229"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08003","article-title":"Hydrogen-donor-controlled polybrominated dibenzofuran (PBDF) formation from polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) photolysis in solutions: Competition mechanisms of radical-based cyclization and hydrogen abstraction reactions","volume":"57","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1021\/es049608o","article-title":"Solar photodecomposition of decabromodiphenyl ether: Products and quantum yield","volume":"38","author":"Jafvert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.08.008","article-title":"Removal of norfloxacin using coupled synthesized nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with H2O2 system: Optimization of operating conditions and degradation pathway","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.03.046","article-title":"Electrolytic debromination of PBDEs in DE-83TM technical decabromodiphenyl ether","volume":"72","author":"Konstantinov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10415","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10898","article-title":"Were Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes Really Understood? Basic Concepts, Cognitive Biases, and Experimental Details","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.12.145","article-title":"Quantum chemical investigations of the decomposition of the peroxydisulfate ion to sulfate radicals","volume":"361","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.06.004","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanisms of cylindrospermopsin destruction by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes","volume":"63","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142943","article-title":"Determination of total oxidizable precursors in foam surfactants and foam contaminated water based on UV-activated persulfate oxidation","volume":"763","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127041","article-title":"Degradation of neurotoxin \u03b2-N-methylamino-L-alanine by UV254 activated persulfate: Kinetic model and reaction pathways","volume":"404","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123558","article-title":"Degradation of highly chlorinated pesticide, lindane, in water using UV\/persulfate: Kinetics and mechanism, toxicity evaluation, and synergism by H2O2","volume":"402","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.11.075","article-title":"Degradation kinetic of phthalate esters and the formation of brominated byproducts in heat-activated persulfate system","volume":"359","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2019.11.041","article-title":"Degradation of pesticide thiamethoxam by heat\u2013activated and ultrasound\u2013activated persulfate: Effect of key operating parameters and the water matrix","volume":"134","author":"Frontistis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.084","article-title":"Degradation of Triclosan in soils by thermally activated persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)","volume":"369","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141782","article-title":"Compatibility of nonionic and anionic surfactants with persulfate activated by alkali in the abatement of chlorinated organic compounds in aqueous phase","volume":"751","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124646","article-title":"Remediation of soil contaminated by lindane wastes using alkaline activated persulfate: Kinetic model","volume":"393","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128352","article-title":"Integrated remediation for organic-contaminated site by forcing running-water to modify alkali-heat\/persulfate via oxidation process transfer","volume":"262","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2023.01.029","article-title":"Enhanced PMS activation by surface electronic reconstruction at Co3O4\/ZnO heterointerface: Performance and mechanism","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136530","article-title":"Anaerobically-digested sludge disintegration by transition metal ions-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS): Comparison between Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+","volume":"713","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.12.003","article-title":"Degradation of pyrene in contaminated water and soil by Fe2+-activated persulfate oxidation: Performance, kinetics, and background electrolytes (Cl\u2212, HCO3-and humic acid) effects","volume":"146","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.02.046","article-title":"Degradation of p-nitrophenol by DBD plasma\/Fe2+\/persulfate oxidation process","volume":"218","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.034","article-title":"Use of different kinds of persulfate activation with iron for the remediation of a PAH-contaminated soil","volume":"563","author":"Peluffo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"3286383","article-title":"Degradation of Norfloxacin in an Aqueous Solution by the Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron-Activated Persulfate Process","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.11.111","article-title":"Activation of persulfate by nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded porous graphitized biochar for the removal of 17\u03b2-estradiol: Synthesis, performance and mechanism","volume":"588","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13972-w","article-title":"Modified nanoscale zero-valent iron in persulfate activation for organic pollution remediation: A review","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, G., Liang, D., Fan, X., He, Y., Zhang, R., Lei, X., Wei, H., and Sun, D. (2024). Activated carbon fiber loaded nano zero-valent iron for Microcystis aeruginosa removal: Performance and mechanisms. Bioresour. Technol., 413.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131538"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, G., Zhang, R., Liao, C., Liang, D., Wang, F., Wang, Q., Sun, D., and Lei, X. (2024). Efficacy and mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa removal by activated carbon fiber\/nanoscale zero-valent iron\/nickel foam cathodic electrochemical system. Environ. Pollut. Bioavail., 36.","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2024.2302499"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, G., Ma, Z., Zhang, R., He, Y., Fan, X., Lei, X., Xiao, Y., Zhang, M., and Sun, D. (2024). The Application of Nano Zero-Valent Iron in Synergy with White Rot Fungi in Environmental Pollution Control. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12100721"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, G., He, Y., Wang, F., Luo, H., Liang, D., Wang, J., Huang, J., Yu, C., Jin, L., and Sun, D. (2023). Toxicity of nanoscale zero-valent iron to soil microorganisms and related defense mechanisms: A Review. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11060514"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-00803-1","article-title":"A new strategy using nanoscale zero-valent iron to simultaneously promote remediation and safe crop production in contaminated soil","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21118","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA02789B","article-title":"Environmental remediation approaches by nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) based on its reductivity: A review","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128641","article-title":"Recent advances in nanoscale zero-valent iron-based materials: Characteristics, environmental remediation and challenges","volume":"319","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"44","article-title":"Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30) modified nanoscale zero valent iron","volume":"192","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Xu, M., Sun, Z., and Li, H. (2019). Remediation of PAH-contaminated soil by combining surfactant enhanced soil washing and iron-activated persulfate oxidation process. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030441"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122313","article-title":"Degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol by a novel iron based system and its synergism with Cd (II) immobilization in a contaminated soil","volume":"379","author":"Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109540","article-title":"The degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in the e-waste site by biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron\/persulfate","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.084","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of Cu2+ and bisphenol A by a novel biochar-supported zero valent iron from aqueous solution: Synthesis, reactivity and mechanism","volume":"239","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127684","article-title":"Removal of herbicide atrazine by a novel biochar based iron composite coupling with peroxymonosulfate process from soil: Synergistic effect and mechanism","volume":"409","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.09.113","article-title":"Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Ni\/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: Influencing factors, kinetics, and mechanism","volume":"185","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2021.03.031","article-title":"Surfactant-assisted removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenol from soil by zero-valent Fe\/Cu activated persulfate","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123669","article-title":"New insights into stoichiometric efficiency and synergistic mechanism of persulfate activation by zero-valent bimetal (Iron\/Copper) for organic pollutant degradation","volume":"403","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.07.003","article-title":"Reductive transformation of tetrabromobisphenol A by sulfidated nano zerovalent iron","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16156-8","article-title":"Enhanced degradation of bisphenol S by persulfate activated with sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron","volume":"29","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133937","article-title":"A stable biochar supported S-nZVI to activate persulfate for effective dichlorination of atrazine","volume":"431","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasinszki, T., and Krebsz, M. (2020). Synthesis and application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in water treatment, environmental remediation, catalysis, and their biological effects. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10050917"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.06.030","article-title":"Nonionic surfactant greatly enhances the reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Mechanism and kinetics","volume":"278","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00843A","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials and their application in pollution management","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-021-00101-6","article-title":"Review of organic and inorganic pollutants removal by biochar and biochar-based composites","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148885","article-title":"Iron-based materials for activation of periodate in water and wastewater treatment processes: The important role of Fe species","volume":"482","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Liu, J., Fan, X., Li, Y., and Peng, W. (2023). Synthesis and application of iron sulfide\u2212based materials to activate persulfates for wastewater remediation: A review. Front. Environ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1212355"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Ye, Y., Xu, L., Gao, T., Zhong, A., and Song, Z. (2023). Recent Advances in Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Applications, Mechanisms, and Future Prospects. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13212830"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07808-2","article-title":"Remediation of organic arsenic contaminants with heterogeneous Fenton process mediated by SiO2-coated nano zero-valent iron","volume":"27","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123478","article-title":"Zero-valent iron-based technologies for removal of heavy metal (loid) s and organic pollutants from the aquatic environment: Recent advances and perspectives","volume":"277","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000080","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.202000080","article-title":"Synthesis, Mechanism, and Performance Assessment of Zero-Valent Iron for Metal-Contaminated Water Remediation: A Review","volume":"48","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"CLEAN Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148546","article-title":"Removal of organic compounds by nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites","volume":"792","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15881","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA00954H","article-title":"High-efficiency removal of tetracycline from water by electrolysis-assisted NZVI: Mechanism of electron transfer and redox of iron","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14585","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NJ03000H","article-title":"A review of recent studies on nano zero-valent iron activated persulfate advanced oxidation technology for the degradation of organic pollutants","volume":"47","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.110114","article-title":"Sulfidized state and formation: Enhancement of nanoscale zero-valent iron on biochar (S-nZVI\/BC) in activating peroxymonosulfate for Acid Red 73 degradation","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125301","article-title":"Activated peroxydisulfate by sulfidated zero-valent iron for enhanced organic micropollutants removal from water","volume":"396","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106276","article-title":"Recent advances in nanoscale zero-valent iron\/oxidant system as a treatment for contaminated water and soil","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109923","article-title":"Alkali synergistic sulfide-modified nZVI activation of persulfate for phenanthrene removal","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131435","article-title":"A review of the new multifunctional nano zero-valent iron composites for wastewater treatment: Emergence, preparation, optimization and mechanism","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Li, T., Ding, Y., Fang, G., Wang, X., Ye, B., Ge, L., Gao, J., Wang, Y., and Zhou, D. (2022). Biochar-supported nano-scale zerovalent iron activated persulfate for remediation of aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil: An in-situ pilot-scale study. Biochar, 4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00188-5"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.126","article-title":"Zero-valent iron activated persulfate remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: An in situ pilot-scale study","volume":"355","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02942-y","article-title":"Dissociation of acid blue 113 dye from aqueous solutions using activated persulfate by zero iron nanoparticle from green synthesis: The optimization process with RSM-BBD model: Mineralization and reaction kinetic study","volume":"14","author":"Pourali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rasero, C., Montes-Jimenez, V., Alexandre-Franco, M.F., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., P\u00edriz-Tercero, J., and Cuerda-Correa, E.M. (2024). Use of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVIs) from Environmentally Friendly Synthesis for the Removal of Dyes from Water\u2014A Review. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16111607"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133187","article-title":"Biochar-supported nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI\/BC) composites for removal of nitro and chlorinated contaminants","volume":"431","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Wang, X., Cong, Q., Chen, X., Li, Q., Li, X., Zhong, S., Deng, H., and Yan, B. (2024). Research Progress on the Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water by Activated Persulfate Using Biochar-Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051130"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121309","article-title":"Affecting factors and mechanism of removing antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and modified nZVI: A critical review","volume":"253","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.09.028","article-title":"The interactions between nanoscale zero-valent iron and microbes in the subsurface environment: A review","volume":"321","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130501","article-title":"Encapsulation of zero valent iron nanoparticles in biodegradable amphiphilic janus particles for groundwater remediation","volume":"445","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, N., Vione, D., Rivoira, L., Carena, L., Castiglioni, M., and Bruzzoniti, M.C. (2021). A review on the degradation of pollutants by fenton-like systems based on zero-valent iron and persulfate: Effects of reduction potentials, pH, and anions occurring in waste waters. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154584"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/11\/814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:31:38Z","timestamp":1760113898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/11\/814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12110814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12110814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}}}