{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:33Z","timestamp":1792790073279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Xiaoshan District Major Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2022FSYZY36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FSYZY36"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC236"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["190 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2019222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019222"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZL134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL134"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZL606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL606"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["20220919Y084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220919Y084"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZR046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR046"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC243"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Bio-medicine and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Project","award":["2023WJC249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WJC249"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) represent an emerging pollutant capable of entering the human body through the respiratory and digestive systems, thereby posing significant health risks. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems, often presenting with polyarticular joint manifestations. Despite its relevance, there is currently limited research on the impact of MPs on lupus arthritis. This study aims to investigate the effects of MPs on joint inflammation in SLE. MRL\/lpr mice exhibit SLE similar to that of humans. We administered either 0.5 mg\/kg or 5 mg\/kg of MPs to 8-week-old female MRL\/lpr mice via oral ingestion. Our findings indicate that exposure to MPs can lead to synovial damage, adversely affecting the morphology and function of the knee joint, along with increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, synovial fibrosis, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Notably, MPs significantly enhanced synovial cell pyroptosis by upregulating the expression of NLRP3, CASPASE-1, GSDMD, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-18. Mechanistic analyses further demonstrated that MPs exposure activates the NF-\u03baB and NRF2\/KEAP1 signaling pathways. Overall, our in vivo findings suggest that MPs exposure promotes synovial cell pyroptosis through increased oxidative stress and NF-\u03baB signaling, thereby disrupting the structure and function of synovial tissue. This research provides new insights into the synovial damage associated with MPs exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12120840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T07:54:20Z","timestamp":1732262060000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Microplastics Exposure Aggravates Synovitis and Pyroptosis in SLE by Activating NF-\u03baB and NRF2\/KEAP1 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqiao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenla","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0205","article-title":"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments","volume":"364","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/494169a","article-title":"Policy: Classify plastic waste as hazardous","volume":"494","author":"Rochman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24115","article-title":"Toxicological effects of microplastics in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"39","author":"Kuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31564-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota and liver metabolomics reveal the potential mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulating the liver toxicity caused by polystyrene microplastics in mice","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, N., Katsouli, J., Marczylo, E.L., Gant, T.W., Wright, S., and de la Serna, J.B. (2024). The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans. EBioMedicine, 99.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104901"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901105010100","article-title":"The normal synovium","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Rheumatol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nziza, N., Jeziorski, E., Delpont, M., Cren, M., Chevassus, H., Carbasse, A., Mahe, P., Abassi, H., Joly-Monrigal, P., and Schordan, E. (2019). Synovial-Fluid miRNA Signature for Diagnosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121521"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2023.101859","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"37","author":"Shumilova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"485","article-title":"The role of ultrasound in assessing musculoskeletal symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic literature review","volume":"55","author":"Zayat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.03.022","article-title":"Joint involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: From pathogenesis to clinical assessment","volume":"47","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00662-0","article-title":"Gasdermins and pyroptosis in the kidney","volume":"19","author":"Elias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.10.004","article-title":"Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156727","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics-induced cardiotoxicity in chickens via the ROS-driven NF-kappaB-NLRP3-GSDMD and AMPK-PGC-1alpha axes","volume":"840","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112012","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics lead to pyroptosis and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells via NLRP3\/Caspase-1 signaling pathway in rats","volume":"212","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.245","article-title":"Microplastics induce intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and disorders of metabolome and microbiome in zebrafish","volume":"662","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152665","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics cause granulosa cells apoptosis and fibrosis in ovary through oxidative stress in rats","volume":"449","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23759","article-title":"Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and microplastics cause necroptosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes of mice by inducing oxidative stress","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125962","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics-induced ROS overproduction disrupts the skeletal muscle regeneration by converting myoblasts into adipocytes","volume":"417","author":"Shengchen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling pathway: Pivotal roles in inflammation","volume":"1863","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377098","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2024.2377098","article-title":"Sex-specific differences in SLE\u2014Significance in the experimental setting of inflammation and kidney damage in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice","volume":"57","author":"Saurin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124004","article-title":"Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested\u2014A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment","volume":"404 Pt B","author":"Senathirajah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Effects of Fuyuan capsule on expression of IL-1\u03b2, MMP-13 and iNOS insynovium in experimental osteoarthritis of rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116523","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of microplastic (MPs); a threat to the ecosystem","volume":"234","author":"Bostan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110268","article-title":"Microplastics aggravates rheumatoid arthritis by affecting the proliferation\/migration\/inflammation of fibroblast-like synovial cells by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"120","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.01.046","article-title":"Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)","volume":"177","author":"Farrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheleschi, S., Gallo, I., Barbarino, M., Giannotti, S., Mondanelli, N., Giordano, A., Tenti, S., and Fioravanti, A. (2019). MicroRNA Mediate Visfatin and Resistin Induction of Oxidative Stress in Human Osteoarthritic Synovial Fibroblasts Via NF-kappaB Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205200"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.05.016","article-title":"Apple polyphenols exhibits chondroprotective changes of synovium and prevents knee osteoarthritis","volume":"614","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106540","article-title":"Exposure to polypropylene microplastics via diet and water induces oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio","volume":"259","author":"Yedier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.056","article-title":"Size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on cytotoxicity and efflux pump inhibition in human Caco-2 cells","volume":"221","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0302-221","article-title":"NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death","volume":"3","author":"Karin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9181","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239181","article-title":"NF-kappaB and Disease","volume":"21","author":"Poma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.03.111","article-title":"Oxidative damage induces apoptosis and promotes calcification in disc cartilage endplate cell through ROS\/MAPK\/NF-kappaB pathway: Implications for disc degeneration","volume":"516","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29268","article-title":"Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and functions of inflammasomes in diseases","volume":"235","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.178","article-title":"Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"21","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0895-5","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin alleviates early brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage via suppressing ROS- and\/or NF-kappaB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting Nrf2 antioxidant pathway","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-081022-021207","article-title":"Structural Mechanisms of NLRP3 Inflammasome Assembly and Activation","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/12\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:18Z","timestamp":1760114238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/12\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12120840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12120840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}