{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T04:12:52Z","timestamp":1777176772208,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010700","name":"National Institute of Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IER-2023-51-0188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IER-2023-51-0188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the association between exposure to toxic indoor chemicals, specifically polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloride (PGH), used in humidifier disinfectants, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We confirmed pregnancy from 2003 to 2017 and identified GDM by linking a cohort of claimants who reported exposure to PHMG\/PGH with National Health Insurance Service data. The GDM incidence was calculated, and PHMG\/PGH exposure characteristics\u2014exposure status, the humidifier\u2019s distance\/location, and exposure duration\/hours\u2014were investigated. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were applied using asthma, frequently treated with steroids, as a mediator. Among 521 pregnancies, 38 were identified as GDM, with 2.4% before exposure and 8.9% after exposure. Pregnancies after exposure had a higher odds ratio (OR) for GDM (OR 2.968, 95% CI: 1.004\u201312.725). A trend of increased GDM risk was observed with longer exposure duration\/hours. Additionally, pregnancies after exposure demonstrated total and direct effects on GDM (\u03b2 = 0.0435, p = 0.036, \u03b2 = 0.0432, p = 0.030) independent of the indirect effects by asthma. The incidence of GDM was higher after PHMG\/PGH exposure compared to before. PHMG\/PGH exposure was associated with GDM, independent of asthma. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings in exposed cohorts and to explore the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12120841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T07:54:20Z","timestamp":1732262060000},"page":"841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2040-389X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyowon","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nam-Yun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nalai","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Soon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Genomic Cohort Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). 2. 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