{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T08:11:10Z","timestamp":1781856670341,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease continues to be a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality, with environmental and occupational factors such as air pollution, noise, and shift work increasingly recognized as potential contributors. Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, this study investigates the causal relationships of these risk factors with the risks of unstable angina (UA) and myocardial infarction (MI). Leveraging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic instruments, a comprehensive MR study was used to assess the causal influence of four major air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx), noise, and shift work on unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Summary statistics were derived from large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) from the UK Biobank and the FinnGen consortium (Helsinki, Finland), with replication using an independent GWAS data source for myocardial infarction. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach demonstrated a significant positive correlation between shift work and the increased risk of both unstable angina (OR with 95% CI: 1.62 [1.12\u20132.33], p = 0.010) and myocardial infarction (OR with 95% CI: 1.46 [1.00\u20132.14], p = 0.052). MR-PRESSO analysis identified outliers, and after correction, the association between shift work and myocardial infarction strengthened (OR with 95% CI: 1.58 [1.11\u20132.27], p = 0.017). No notable causal associations were identified for air pollution or noise with either outcome. The replication of myocardial infarction findings using independent data supported a possible causal link between shift work and myocardial infarction (OR with 95% CI: 1.41 [1.08\u20131.84], p = 0.012). These results provide novel evidence supporting shift work as a likely causal risk factor for unstable angina and myocardial infarction, underscoring the need for targeted public health strategies to mitigate its cardiovascular impact. However, further investigation is necessary to elucidate the role of air pollution and noise in cardiovascular outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:51:57Z","timestamp":1735631517000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Causal Effects of Air Pollution, Noise, and Shift Work on Unstable Angina and Myocardial Infarction: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qiye","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Ningbo Ninth Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Ningbo Ninth Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiru","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Careful Unit, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa575","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation","volume":"42","author":"Collet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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