{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:30:33Z","timestamp":1788067833985,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["22JR5RA091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA091"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["23ZDFA017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDFA017"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["22ZD6FA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZD6FA005"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["E43B000201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E43B000201"]}]},{"name":"Major Project of Gansu Province","award":["22JR5RA091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA091"]}]},{"name":"Major Project of Gansu Province","award":["23ZDFA017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDFA017"]}]},{"name":"Major Project of Gansu Province","award":["22ZD6FA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZD6FA005"]}]},{"name":"Major Project of Gansu Province","award":["E43B000201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E43B000201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In April 2023, a major dust storm event in Lanzhou attracted widespread attention. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the causes, progression, and dust sources of this event using multiple data sources and methods. Backward trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model was employed to trace the origins of the dust, while FY-2H satellite data provided high-resolution dust distribution patterns. Additionally, the MAIAC AOD product was used to analyze Aerosol Optical Depth, and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis was used to identify key dust source regions. The study found that PM10 played a dominant role in the storm, and the AOD values during the storm in Lanzhou were significantly higher than the annual average, highlighting the severe impact on regional air quality. Key meteorological conditions influencing the storm\u2019s occurrence were analyzed, including the formation and eastward movement of a high-potential ridge, convection driven by diurnal temperature variations, and surface temperature increases coupled with decreased relative humidity, which together promoted the generation and development of dust. Backward trajectory and dust distribution analyses revealed that the dust primarily originated from Central Asia, western Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Gansu. From the 19th to the 21st, the dust distribution showed similarities between day and night, with a noticeable increase in dust concentration from night to day due to strong vertical atmospheric mixing. To mitigate the impacts of future dust storms, this study highlights both short-term and long-term strategies, including enhanced monitoring systems, public health advisories, and vegetation restoration in key source regions. Strengthening regional and international cooperation for transboundary dust management is also emphasized as critical for sustainable mitigation efforts. These findings are significant for understanding and predicting the causes, characteristics, and environmental impacts of dust storms in Lanzhou and the Northwestern region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T11:50:10Z","timestamp":1735905010000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Study on Dust Storm Pollution and Source Identification in Northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiteng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ummenhofer, C.C., and Meehl, G.A. (2017). Extreme weather and climate events with ecological relevance: A review. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 372.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0135"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12750","article-title":"Saharan dust and respiratory health: Understanding the link between airborne particulate matter and chronic lung diseases (Review)","volume":"28","author":"Georgakopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8","article-title":"Climate Change, Dust Storms, Vulnerable Populations, and Health in the Middle East: A Review","volume":"84","author":"Bayram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6683","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0795.1","article-title":"Dust Storms in Northern China: Long-Term Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Climate Controls","volume":"30","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<1216:VOTDSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Variations of the dust storm in China and its climatic control","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105682","article-title":"Classification of weather clusters over the Middle East associated with high atmospheric dust-AODs in West Iran","volume":"259","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.04.004","article-title":"Changes of the relationship between spring sand dust frequency and large-scale atmospheric circulation","volume":"226","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.06.011","article-title":"Horizontal wind erosion flux and potential dust emission in arid and semiarid regions of China: A major source area for East Asia dust storms","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-9051-0","article-title":"Comparison of dust emissions, transport, and deposition between the Taklimakan Desert and Gobi Desert from 2007 to 2011","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China-Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11398","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021796","article-title":"Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"D00K13","article-title":"Mixing of Asian dust with pollution aerosol and the transformation of aerosol components during the dust storm over China in spring 2007","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.025","article-title":"Identification of dust storm source areas in West Asia using multiple environmental datasets","volume":"502","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3605.1","article-title":"A simulated climatology of Asian dust aerosol and its trans-Pacific transport. Part I: Mean climate and validation","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.054","article-title":"Transport of East Asian dust storms to the marginal seas of China and the southern North Pacific in spring 2010","volume":"148","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.10.016","article-title":"The transport and deposition of dust and its impact on phytoplankton growth in the Yellow Sea","volume":"99","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-011-0163-7","article-title":"Evolutionary characteristics of a dust storm over Oman on 2 February 2008","volume":"114","author":"Desouza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Physics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-009-0152-7","article-title":"Changes in wind speed over China during 1956\u20132004","volume":"99","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D17202","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007988","article-title":"Threshold wind speed for dust emission in east Asia and its seasonal variations","volume":"112","author":"Kurosaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2013.04.001","article-title":"Climatology of the Middle East dust events","volume":"10","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.01.039","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to trace Asian dust storms from source to sink","volume":"105","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.412","article-title":"Contribution of dust in northern China to PM Concentrations over the Hexi corridor","volume":"660","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.107019","article-title":"Identifying and characterizing dust point sources in the southwestern United States using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"353","author":"Kandakji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afshar-Mohajer, N., and Shaban, M. (2024). Source Tracing of PM2.5 in a Metropolitan Area Using a Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Network: Case Study of Denver, Colorado, USA. Atmosphere, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15070797"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opp, C., Groll, M., Abbasi, H., and Foroushani, M.A. (2021). Causes and Effects of Sand and Dust Storms: What Has Past Research Taught Us? A Survey. J. Risk Financ. Manag., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm14070326"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136879","article-title":"Aerosols characteristics, sources, and drive factors analysis in typical megacities, NW China","volume":"403","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026301","article-title":"Validation of high-resolution MAIAC aerosol product over South America","volume":"122","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.033","article-title":"Comparison and evaluation of MODIS Multi-angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) aerosol product over South Asia","volume":"224","author":"Mhawish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.06.004","article-title":"Performance of MODIS high-resolution MAIAC aerosol algorithm in China: Characterization and limitation","volume":"213","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118273","article-title":"Validation and comparison of high-resolution MAIAC aerosol products over Central Asia","volume":"251","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5741","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5741-2018","article-title":"MODIS collection 6 MAIAC algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Lyapustin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174983","article-title":"Evaluation and analysis of long-term MODIS MAIAC aerosol products in China","volume":"948","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.01.004","article-title":"TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210393","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.210393","article-title":"Contribution of aerosol species to the 2019 smoke episodes over the east coast of peninsular Malaysia","volume":"22","author":"Napi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2015.0035","article-title":"Temporal distribution, influencing factors and pollution sources of urban ambient air quality in Nanchong, China","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2024.100899","article-title":"Combined use of HYSPLIT model and MODIS aerosols optical depth to study the spatiotemporal circulation patterns of Saharan dust events over Central Europe","volume":"67","author":"Gammoudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6031","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-6031-2013","article-title":"Concentration-weighted trajectory approach to identifying potential sources of speciated atmospheric mercury at an urban coastal site in Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2023.101957","article-title":"Analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of AOD in typical industrial cities in northwest China and the influence of meteorological factors","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101409","article-title":"The pattern and mechanism of an unhealthy air pollution event in Lanzhou, China","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban Clim."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/1\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:22:41Z","timestamp":1759918961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/1\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13010033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13010033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]}}}