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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the associations between long-term and short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 (i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of, or smaller than, 2.5 \u03bcm or 10 \u03bcm), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide and the risks of AD and PD. Methods: A random-effects model was used to summarize individual effect estimates in the meta-analysis. A subgroup meta-analysis was further conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: In total, 42 eligible studies were included. For each 5 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure, the odds ratios (ORs) were 1.16 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.30; I2 = 95%) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.17; I2 = 95%) for AD and PD, respectively. For each 5 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in short-term PM2.5 exposure, the OR was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.002, 1.01; I2 = 77%) for PD. For each 1 ppb increase in long-term NO2 exposure, the OR was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.0002, 1.02; I2 = 79%) for PD. Conclusion: Ambient air pollution, particularly PM2.5, may contribute to the increased risks of neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13020139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1739763707000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cuiyao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqiong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China"},{"name":"2021RU006 Research Unit of Disaster Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine, Beijing 100039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2680-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaowei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamptey, R.N.L., Chaulagain, B., Trivedi, R., Gothwal, A., Layek, B., and Singh, J. 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