{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:24:46Z","timestamp":1787905486140,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2705700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2705700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022BCA042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BCA042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Program of Hubei Province","award":["2023YFC2705700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2705700"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Program of Hubei Province","award":["2022BCA042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BCA042"]}]},{"name":"Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["2023YFC2705700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2705700"]}]},{"name":"Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["2022BCA042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BCA042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ambient air pollution has been associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); however, evidence regarding trimester-specific effects from China remains limited. This case\u2013control study study analyzed data from pregnant women who delivered in Wuhan, China, between 2017 and 2022 (164 GDM cases and 731 controls), integrating geographic information, air quality measurements, and maternal characteristics. Using Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM), we assessed associations between air pollutant exposure and GDM across different gestational periods. Results indicated that NO2 demonstrated the strongest association with GDM compared to other pollutants. Specifically, increased NO2 exposure was consistently associated with higher GDM risk throughout pregnancy. PM2.5 exposure showed significant associations during early and mid-pregnancy, while SO2 exposure was significantly associated with GDM risk exclusively in early pregnancy. Sensitivity analyses stratified by urban maternity status and maternal age revealed the stability of the study\u2019s findings. These findings underscore the importance of reducing air pollution exposure during pregnancy and implementing targeted interventions for high-risk populations to prevent GDM development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13020141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1739935793000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Air Pollution Exposure and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Risk: A Retrospective Case\u2013Control Study with Multi-Pollutant Analysis in Wuhan, Hubei Province"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengyang","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4507-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1651-878X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3286-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alejandro, E.U., Mamerto, T.P., Chung, G., Villavieja, A., Gaus, N.L., Morgan, E., and Pineda-Cortel, M.R. 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