{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:20:08Z","timestamp":1793532008518,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42407645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42407645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42377225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23YFXTHZ00170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFXTHZ00170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B17025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B17025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42407645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42407645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42377225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23YFXTHZ00170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFXTHZ00170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B17025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B17025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Tianjin","award":["2023YFC3709002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709002"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Tianjin","award":["42407645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42407645"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Tianjin","award":["42377225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377225"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Tianjin","award":["23YFXTHZ00170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFXTHZ00170"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Tianjin","award":["B17025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B17025"]}]},{"name":"111 Program, Ministry of Education, China","award":["2023YFC3709002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709002"]}]},{"name":"111 Program, Ministry of Education, China","award":["42407645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42407645"]}]},{"name":"111 Program, Ministry of Education, China","award":["42377225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377225"]}]},{"name":"111 Program, Ministry of Education, China","award":["23YFXTHZ00170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFXTHZ00170"]}]},{"name":"111 Program, Ministry of Education, China","award":["B17025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B17025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wetlands are one of the most crucial ecosystems for regulating carbon sequestration and mitigating global climate change. However, the disturbance to carbon dynamics caused by microplastics (MPs) in wetlands cannot be overlooked. This review explores the impacts of MPs on the carbon cycles within wetland ecosystems, focusing on the underlying physicochemical and microbial mechanisms. The accumulation of MPs in wetland sediments can severely destabilize plant root functions, disrupting water, nutrient, and oxygen transport, thereby reducing plant biomass development. Although MPs may temporarily enhance carbon storage, they ultimately accelerate the mineralization of organic carbon, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions and undermining long-term carbon sequestration. A critical aspect of this process involves shifts in microbial community structures driven by selective microbial colonization on MPs, which affect organic carbon decomposition and methane production, thus posing a threat to greenhouse gas emissions. Notably, dissolved organic matter derived from biodegradable MPs can promote the photoaging of coexisting MPs, enhancing the release of harmful substances from aged MPs and further impacting microbial-associated carbon dynamics due to disrupted metabolic activity. Therefore, it is imperative to deepen our understanding of the adverse effects and mechanisms of MPs on wetland health and carbon cycles. Future strategies should incorporate microbial regulation and ecological engineering techniques to develop effective methodologies aimed at maintaining the sustainable carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands affected by MP contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Carbon Cycling in Wetlands Under the Shadow of Microplastics: Challenges and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Linan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Ecological Restoration of Seaward Rivers and Coastal Waters, Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizi","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Ecological Restoration of Seaward Rivers and Coastal Waters, Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakeel","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Ecological Restoration of Seaward Rivers and Coastal Waters, Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuguo","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Ecological Restoration of Seaward Rivers and Coastal Waters, Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingchun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01575","article-title":"Methane Emissions from Wetlands in China and Their Climate Feedbacks in the 21st Century","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04339-9","article-title":"The Land-to-Ocean Loops of the Global Carbon Cycle","volume":"603","author":"Regnier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-023-06089-1","article-title":"Northeast China Holds Huge Wetland Soil Organic Carbon Storage: An Estimation from 819 Soil Profiles and Random Forest Algorithm","volume":"490","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Luo, M., Chen, J., Ye, R., Tan, J., Zhai, Z., Yang, Y., and Huang, J. (2021). Root Iron Plaque Abundance as an Indicator of Carbon Decomposition Rates in A Tidal Freshwater Wetland in Response to Salinity and Flooding. Soil Biol. Biochem., 162.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108403"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104853","article-title":"Organic Blue Carbon Sequestration in Vegetated Coastal Wetlands: Processes and Influencing Factors","volume":"255","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121412","article-title":"Potential Retention of Dissolved Organic Matter by Soil Minerals during Wetland Water-table Fluctuations","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49872-z","article-title":"Asgard Archaea Modulate Potential Methanogenesis Substrates in Wetland Soil","volume":"15","author":"Appler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.121062","article-title":"Stepwise Degradation of Organic Matters Driven by Microbial Interactions in China\u2019s Coastal Wetlands: Evidence from Carbon Isotope Analysis","volume":"250","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10247","article-title":"Do Added Microplastics, Native Soil Properties, and Prevailing Climatic Conditions Have Consequences for Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Soil? A Global Data Synthesis of Pot and Greenhouse Studies","volume":"58","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151638","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of Microplastics to Freshwater Biota: Considering Exposure and Hazard across Trophic Levels","volume":"816","author":"Horton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5821","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06177","article-title":"Global Responses of Soil Carbon Dynamics to Microplastic Exposure: A Data Synthesis of Laboratory Studies","volume":"58","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4034","article-title":"Environmental Distribution, Transport and Ecotoxicity of Microplastics: A Review","volume":"41","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130775","article-title":"Warming and Microplastic Pollution Shape the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles of Algae","volume":"447","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121643","article-title":"Microplastics Leachate may Play A More Important Role than Microplastics in Inhibiting Microalga Chlorella vulgaris Growth at Cellular and Molecular Levels","volume":"328","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134783","article-title":"Interference of Microplastics on Autotrophic Microbiome in Paddy soils: Shifts in Carbon Fixation Rate, Structure, Abundance, Co-occurrence, and Assembly Process","volume":"474","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03798-5","article-title":"Dissolved Organic Carbon Leaching from Plastics Stimulates Microbial Activity in the Ocean","volume":"9","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122867","article-title":"Impacts of Climatic Stressors on Dissolved Organic Matter Leaching from Microplastics and Their Effects on Biogeochemical Processes: A Review","volume":"271","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123399","article-title":"A Review on Fate and Ecotoxicity of Biodegradable Microplastics in Aquatic System: Are Biodegradable Plastics Truly Safe for the Environment?","volume":"344","author":"Mut","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.11.028","article-title":"Wetland-a Hub for Microplastic Transmission in the Global Ecosystem","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00784","article-title":"Contribution of Microplastics to Carbon Storage in Coastal Wetland Sediments","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121853","article-title":"Microplastics Promote Methane Emission in Estuarine and Coastal Wetlands","volume":"259","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123145","article-title":"Effects of Microplastics on Litter Decomposition in Wetland Soil","volume":"343","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01704-8","article-title":"Microplastics Modify the Microbial-Mediated Carbon Metabolism in Mangroves","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118191","article-title":"Polyethylene Microplastics Interfere with the Nutrient Cycle in Water-Plant-Sediment Systems","volume":"214","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123492","article-title":"Microplastic Shape Influences Fate in Vegetated Wetlands","volume":"345","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.033","article-title":"Small Microplastic Particles (S-MPPs) in Sediments of Mangrove Ecosystem on the Northern Coast of the Persian Gulf","volume":"146","author":"Naji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162824","article-title":"Assessment of the Impact of Wetland Changes on Carbon Storage in Coastal Urban Agglomerations from 1990 to 2035 in Support of SDG15.1","volume":"877","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Liu, Y., Xie, T., Li, Y., Liu, H., and Wang, Q. (2025). Impact of Ecological Restoration on Carbon Sink Function in Coastal Wetlands: A Review. Water, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/w17040488"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, W., Xie, B., Hua, H., Bohrer, G., Penuelas, J., Wu, C., and Han, G. (2023). Long-term Nitrogen Enrichment Accelerates Soil Respiration by Boosting Microbial Biomass in Coastal Wetlands. Soil Biol. Biochem., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2022.108864"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160740","article-title":"Occurrence and Distribution of Microplastics in Wetlands","volume":"862","author":"Dalvand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136167","article-title":"Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Soil-Plant Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Wetlands: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"480","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127231","article-title":"Ecological Interception Effect of Mangroves on Microplastics","volume":"423","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118430","article-title":"Impact of Microplastics on the Treatment Performance of Constructed Wetlands: Based on Substrate Characteristics and Microbial Activities","volume":"217","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142041","article-title":"Microplastics Pollution in Mangrove Ecosystems: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge and Future Directions","volume":"753","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134387","article-title":"Unveiling the Impact of Microplastics with Distinct Polymer Types and Concentrations on Tidal Sediment Microbiome and Nitrogen Cycling","volume":"472","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135025","article-title":"The Distribution, Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in the Mangroves of Southern China","volume":"708","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148200","article-title":"Microplastics Retention by Reeds in Freshwater Environment","volume":"790","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125615","article-title":"Transport and Fate of Microplastics in Constructed Wetlands: A microcosm study","volume":"415","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.09.001","article-title":"Biodegradation of Microplastics in Food and Agriculture","volume":"37","author":"Zurier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.142076","article-title":"Distribution and Removal of Microplastics in a Horizontal Sub-surface Flow Laboratory Constructed Wetland and Their Effects on the Treatment Efficiency","volume":"461","author":"Rozman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106708","article-title":"Microplastic Residues in Wetland Ecosystems: Do They Truly Threaten the Plant-Microbe-Soil System?","volume":"156","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03649","article-title":"Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoplastics on Crop Growth, Interference of Phyllosphere Microbes, and Evidence for Foliar Penetration and Translocation","volume":"58","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108508","article-title":"Microplastics Alter Soil Structure and Microbial Community Composition","volume":"185","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Deng, L., Gunina, A., Alharbi, S., Wang, K., Li, J., Liu, Y., Shangguan, Z., and Kuzyakov, Y. (2023). Carbon Stabilization Pathways in Soil Aggregates during Long-Term Forest Succession: Implications from \u03b413C signatures. Soil Biol. Biochem., 180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2023.108988"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133417","article-title":"Effects of Polystyrene, Polyethylene, and Polypropylene Microplastics on the Soil-Rhizosphere-Plant System: Phytotoxicity, Enzyme Activity, and Microbial Community","volume":"465","author":"Lian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153778","article-title":"Effects of Micro\/Nanoplastics on Microorganisms and Plants in Constructed Eetlands during the Nitrogen Removal Process: A Review","volume":"496","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116608","article-title":"Preliminary Assessment of Microplastic in Rhizosphere and Non-rhizosphere Region of Mangrove at Four Locations along Karachi Coast, Pakistan","volume":"205","author":"Riaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2024.105851","article-title":"The Effects of Biosolid Microplastics on Rhizosphere Respiration of Root Exudates in Glycine Max","volume":"206","author":"Lebel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146569","article-title":"The Rise of Artificial Soil Carbon Inputs: Reviewing Microplastic Pollution Effects in the Soil Environment","volume":"780","author":"Mbachu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150841","article-title":"Effects of Micro(nano)plastics on Higher Plants and the Rhizosphere Environment","volume":"807","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142223","article-title":"Chemotaxis-Selective Colonization of Mangrove Rhizosphere Microbes on Nine Different Microplastics","volume":"752","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173141","article-title":"Colonization Characteristics and Surface Effects of Microplastic Biofilms: Implications for Environmental Behavior of Typical Pollutants","volume":"937","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137173","article-title":"Dynamic Impact of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastics on Antibiotic Resistance and Microplastics Degradation Genes in the Rhizosphere of Oryza sativa L.","volume":"487","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canarini, A., Kaiser, C., Merchant, A., Richter, A., and Wanek, W. (2019). Root Exudation of Primary Metabolites: Mechanisms and Their Roles in Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00157"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.114827","article-title":"Responses of Mangrove (Kandelia obovata) Growth, Photosynthesis, and Rhizosphere Soil Properties to Microplastic Pollution","volume":"189","author":"Chai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk9505","article-title":"Element Cycling with Micro(nano)plastics","volume":"385","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117331","article-title":"Current Advances in Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Sediment: Analytical Methods, Global Occurrence, and Effects on Elemental Cycling","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07289","article-title":"New Insights into the Microplastic Enrichment in the Blue Carbon Ecosystem: Evidence from Seagrass Meadows and Mangrove Forests in Coastal South China Sea","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108546","article-title":"Microplastics Strengthen Nitrogen Retention by Intensifying Nitrogen Limitation in Mangrove Ecosystem Sediments","volume":"185","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133152","article-title":"Effects of Microplastics on Carbon Release and Microbial Community in Mangrove Soil Systems","volume":"465","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117529","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Research on Effects of Micro\/nanoplastics on Carbon Conversion and Carbon Cycle: A Review","volume":"334","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126591","article-title":"Micrometer Scale Polystyrene Plastics of Varying Concentrations and Particle Sizes Inhibit Growth and Upregulate Microcystin-Related Gene Expression in Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"420","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kida, M., Ziembowicz, S., and Koszelnik, P. (2022). CH4 and CO2 Emissions from the Decomposition of Microplastics in the Bottom Sediment\u2014Preliminary Studies. Environments, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments9070091"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128522","article-title":"Aging Behavior of Microplastics Affected DOM in Riparian Sediments: From the Characteristics to Bioavailability","volume":"431","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"13478","article-title":"Interactions between Iron Minerals and Dissolved Organic Matter Derived from Microplastics Inhibited the Ferrihydrite Transformation as Revealed at the Molecular Scale","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136651","article-title":"Insights into the Photoaging Behavior of Biodegradable and Nondegradable Microplastics: Spectroscopic and Molecular Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter Release","volume":"483","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31691-9","article-title":"Plastic Pollution Fosters More Microbial Growth in Lakes than Natural Organic Matter","volume":"13","author":"Sheridan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2024.2303294","article-title":"Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Biogeochemical Behaviors in Aquatic Environments: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173163","article-title":"The Environmental Effects of Microplastics and Microplastic Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Aquatic Environments: A Review","volume":"933","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"wrad017","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrad017","article-title":"Microbial Metabolism Influences Microplastic Perturbation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Agricultural Soils","volume":"18","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"13045","article-title":"Chemodiversity of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Molecular Changes Driven by Rhizosphere Activities in Fe Ore Tailings Undergoing Eco-Engineered Pedogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121065","article-title":"Photochemical Dissolution of Buoyant Microplastics to Dissolved Organic Carbon: Rates and Microbial Impacts","volume":"383","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113045","article-title":"Effects of Different Concentrations and Types of Microplastics on Bacteria and Fungi in Alkaline Soil","volume":"229","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safet"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.02.013","article-title":"Phosphorus Mineralization can be Driven by Microbial Need for Carbon","volume":"61","author":"Spohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130763","article-title":"Impact of Microplastics on Lead-Contaminated Riverine Sediments: Based on the Enzyme Activities, DOM Fractions, and Bacterial Community Structure","volume":"447","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119806","article-title":"Microplastics and Benthic Animals Reshape the Geochemical Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter by Inducing Changes in Keystone Microbes in Riparian Sediments","volume":"262","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Gui, H., Banffeld, C.C., Wen, Y., Zang, H., Dippold, M.A., Charlton, A., and Jones, D.L. (2021). The Microplastisphere: Biodegradable Microplastics Addition Alters Soil Microbial Community Structure and Function. Soil Biol. Biochem., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108211"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130564","article-title":"Dissolved Organic Matter Derived from Biodegradable Microplastic Promotes Photo-Aging of Coexisting Microplastics and Alters Microbial Metabolism","volume":"445","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12477","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04927","article-title":"Superoxide Photoproduction from Wetland Plant-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter: Implications for Biogeochemical Impacts of Plant Invasion","volume":"58","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120185","article-title":"Hydrostatic Pressure Drives Microbe-Mediated Biodegradation of Microplastics in Surface Sediments of Deep Reservoirs: Novel Findings from Hydrostatic Pressure Simulation Experiments","volume":"242","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134343","article-title":"Colonization Characteristics and Dynamic Transition of Archaea Communities on Polyethylene and Polypropylene Microplastics in the Sediments of Mangrove Ecosystems","volume":"471","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121506","article-title":"Plastic Particles Affect N2O Release via Altering Core Microbial Metabolisms in Constructed Wetlands","volume":"255","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141959","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of Biodegradation Studies on Synthetic Plastics through A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"752","author":"Bajt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143536","article-title":"Plastic Biodegradation: Frontline Microbes and Their Enzymes","volume":"759","author":"Amobonye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Li, M., Zhu, Z., Wang, X., Huang, Y., Li, T., Gong, H., and Yan, M. (2023). Biological Degradation of Plastics and Microplastics: A Recent Perspective on Associated Mechanisms and Influencing Factors. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071661"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341","article-title":"An Overview of Microplastic and Nanoplastic Pollution in Agroecosystems","volume":"627","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122334","article-title":"Biodegradable Microplastics Aggravate Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Lake Sediments More Severely than Conventional Microplastics","volume":"266","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06246","article-title":"Smaller Aerobic Granules Signiffcantly Reduce N2O Production by Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria: Evidences from Biochemical and Isotopic Analyses","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16235-3","article-title":"Microplastics Affect Sedimentary Microbial Communities and Nitrogen Cycling","volume":"11","author":"Seeley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121167","article-title":"Polyethylene Microplastic-Induced Microbial Shifts Affected Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Litter Decomposition in Coastal Wetland Sediments","volume":"251","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131341","article-title":"Recent Advances Towards Micro(nano)plastics Research in Wetland Ecosystems: A Systematic Review on Sources, Removal, and Ecological Impacts","volume":"452","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171252","article-title":"Non-Negligible Impact of Microplastics on Wetland Ecosystems","volume":"924","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c05126","article-title":"Computational Redesign of a PETase for Plastic Biodegradation under Ambient Condition by the GRAPE Strategy","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.101","article-title":"Plastisphere Microbiome: Methodology, Diversity, and Functionality","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.043","article-title":"Screening of Bacillus Strains Isolated from Mangrove Ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia for Microplastic Degradation","volume":"231","author":"Auta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.11.036","article-title":"Growth Kinetics and Biodeterioration of Polypropylene Microplastics by Bacillus sp. and Rhodococcus sp. Isolated from Mangrove Sediment","volume":"127","author":"Auta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.144","article-title":"Decay of Low-Density Polyethylene by Bacteria Extracted from Earthworm\u2019s Guts: A Potential for Soil Restoration","volume":"624","author":"Lwanga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130282","article-title":"A Critical Review on Microplastics, Interaction with Organic and Inorganic Pollutants, Impacts and Effectiveness of Advanced Oxidation Processes Applied for Their Removal from Aqueous Matrices","volume":"424","author":"Ricardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112876","article-title":"A Vegetation Strategy to Balance the Hazardous Level of Microplastics in the Land\u2013sea Interface through Rhizosphere Remediation","volume":"169","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/3\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:31Z","timestamp":1760027911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/3\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13030143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13030143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}