{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:07:24Z","timestamp":1793520444210,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds with fused aromatic rings, primarily derived from combustion processes and environmental pollutants. This narrative review discusses the most relevant studies on PAHs, focusing on their sources, environmental and occupational exposure, and effects on human health, emphasizing their roles as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic agents. The primary pathways for human exposure to PAHs are through the ingestion of contaminated food (mainly due to some food processing methods, such as smoking and high-temperature cooking techniques), the inhalation of ambient air, and the smoking of cigarettes. Coke oven workers are recognized as a high-risk occupational group for PAH exposure, highlighting the need for appropriate strategies to mitigate these risks and safeguard worker health. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates in the body, which can lead to DNA damage and promote the development of various health conditions, particularly in environments with high exposure levels. Chronic PAH exposure has been linked to respiratory diseases, as well as cardiovascular problems and immune system suppression. Furthermore, this review underscores the significant impact of PAHs on reproductive health. The results of the reported studies suggest that both male and female fertility can be compromised due to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and endocrine disruption caused by PAH exposure. In males, PAHs impair sperm quality, while, in females, they disrupt ovarian function, potentially leading to infertility, miscarriage, and birth defects. Fetal exposure to PAHs is also associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Given the extensive and detrimental health risks posed by PAHs, this review stresses the importance of stringent environmental regulations, occupational safety measures, and public health initiatives to mitigate exposure and safeguard reproductive and overall health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1740375407000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Environment: Occupational Exposure, Health Risks and Fertility Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Montano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, 84124 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco Food Fertility Project), Oliveto Citra Hospital, 84124 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio Maria","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Piscopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Pharmaceutical Service, Local Health Authority (ASL), 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7759-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Pharmaceutical Service, Local Health Authority (ASL), 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4668-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSM Nola ASL Napoli 3 Sud, 80035 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"INBB-Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Fontanarosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"INBB-Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6686-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Sofia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Sense Square Srl, 84084 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling, Electronics and Systems, University of Calabria, Via P. 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