{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:16:40Z","timestamp":1791400600814,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0509600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0509600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most existing epidemiological studies on the impact of air pollution on noncommunicable diseases have focused on urban areas, rather than nationwide studies that include rural areas. This study utilized a time-stratified case-crossover study that included deaths registered in the National Mortality Surveillance System from 2008 to 2020. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated via the National Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the associations between short-term air pollution exposure and the risk of respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. There were increases in the risk of respiratory diseases (0.12%, 0.10%, 0.10%, 0.05%, and 0.40%) and CVDs (0.08%, 0.07%, 0.03%, 0.02%, and 0.22%) for each 10 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2, respectively, and for each 1 mg\/m3 increase in the concentration of CO, which may be associated with the participants\u2019 characteristics. The results of these national analyses indicate that ambient air pollutants are significantly associated with increased risks of respiratory disease and CVD death in both urban and rural areas, which is critical for air pollution control, especially in low- and middle-income areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1740391468000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Short-Term Relationship Between Air Pollution and Mortality from Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases in China, 2008\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yunning","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuyang","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinpeng","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghou","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinling","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongshan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 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