{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:26:14Z","timestamp":1792110374956,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Billions of people are exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels above the USEPA\u2019s annual standard of 9 \u03bcg\/m3. Common emission sources are anthropogenic, producing complex aerosolized toxins. Ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) and industrial nanoparticles (NPs) have major detrimental effects on the brain, but the USA does not measure UFPM on a routine basis. This review focuses on the development and progression of common neurodegenerative diseases, as diagnosed through neuropathology, among young residents in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). MMC is one of the most polluted megacities in the world, with a population of 22 million residents, many of whom are unaware of the brain effects caused by their polluted atmosphere. Fatal neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s) that begin in childhood in populations living in air polluted environments are preventable. We conclude that UFPM\/NPs are capable of disrupting neural homeostasis and give rise to relentless neurodegenerative processes throughout the entire life of the highly exposed population in MMC. The paradigm of reaching old age to have neurodegeneration is no longer supported. Neurodegenerative changes start early in pediatric ages and are irreversible. It is time to invest in preventive medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T02:48:37Z","timestamp":1740710917000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Start in Pediatric Ages: Ultrafine Particulate Matter and Industrial Nanoparticles Are Key in the Early-Onset Neurodegeneration: Time to Invest in Preventive Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, The University of Montana, 287 Skaggs Building, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1909-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8833-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Reynoso-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredy Rub\u00e9n","family":"Cejudo-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geof\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor G.","family":"Silva-Pereyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Potosino de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica AC, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Gorzalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nevada Genomics Center, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV 89556, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Torres-Jard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EPA (2025, February 18). 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