{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:45:14Z","timestamp":1781347514007,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82103814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103814"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82202011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202011"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022A1515012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515012576"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201011840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011840"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201011221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011221"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024A04J3929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3929"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024A04J3925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3925"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025A04J5228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J5228"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["82103814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103814"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["82202011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202011"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515012576"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["202201011840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011840"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["202201011221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011221"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2024A04J3929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3929"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2024A04J3925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3925"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2025A04J5228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J5228"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["82103814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103814"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["82202011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202011"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["2022A1515012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515012576"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["202201011840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011840"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["202201011221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011221"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["2024A04J3929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3929"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["2024A04J3925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3925"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["2025A04J5228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J5228"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["82103814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103814"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["82202011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202011"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["2022A1515012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515012576"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["202201011840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011840"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["202201011221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011221"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["2024A04J3929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3929"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["2024A04J3925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3925"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Clinical Doctor of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center","award":["2025A04J5228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J5228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that can leach from consumer products and pose potential health risks, particularly to infants whose developing systems are vulnerable to environmental toxicants. While various exposure pathways have been identified, the contribution of dermal absorption from disposable diapers remains inadequately characterized. This study recruited 66 infants from Guangzhou, a representative city in southern China. Paired disposable diaper and urine samples were collected from each participant. Six phthalates in the diapers and nine metabolites in the urine were quantitatively analyzed. The predominant phthalate detected in the diapers was bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, with a median concentration of 1670 ng\/g, range: 678\u20135200 ng\/g), followed by di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP, 948 ng\/g, range: 189\u20135980 ng\/g), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP, 333 ng\/g, range: 16.1\u20134910 ng\/g), and diethyl phthalate (DEP, 252 ng\/g, range: 116\u20133350 ng\/g). In urine, metabolites of DEHP (mEHP, mEHHP, and mEOHP) were the most abundant (87.1 ng\/mL), followed by mnBP (metabolites of DnBP, 44.6 ng\/mL), mEP (metabolites of DEP, 33.7 ng\/mL), and miBP (metabolites of DiBP, 13.9 ng\/mL). A positive correlation was observed between DnBP levels in diapers and mnBP levels in urine (r = 0.259, p = 0.035). Additionally, several urinary metabolites (miBP, mnBP, and mEP) were positively associated with a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (r = 0.265\u20130.316, p &lt; 0.01). The estimated daily uptake of DEP, DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP through dermal absorption from diapers accounted for 44.9%, 19.5%, 15.1%, and 7.76% of total exposure to these phthalates, respectively. These findings suggest that dermal absorption from diapers is a significant exposure pathway for infants. Given that both the amount of exposure and the contribution of dermal uptake are higher in younger infants, further attention is warranted to understand the potential effects of transdermal phthalate exposure on infant growth and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1742193383000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Infants\u2019 Dermal Exposure to Phthalates from Disposable Baby Diapers and Its Association with DNA Oxidative Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengtao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116941","article-title":"A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks","volume":"279","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113194","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates from personal care products: Urinary levels and predictors of exposure","volume":"212","author":"Pagoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-013-9937-x","article-title":"Phthalates and parabens in personal care products from China: Concentrations and human exposure","volume":"66","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey337","article-title":"Association of phthalates, parabens and phenols found in personal care products with pubertal timing in girls and boys","volume":"34","author":"Harley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115990","article-title":"Co-exposure and health risks of parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, phthalate metabolites and hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on simultaneous detection in urine samples from guangzhou, south China","volume":"272","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13919","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03838","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of phthalates in sanitary napkins from six countries: Implications for women\u2019s health","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105465","article-title":"Phthalates, bisphenols, parabens, and triclocarban in feminine hygiene products from the United States and their implications for human exposure","volume":"136","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03927","article-title":"Feminine hygiene products\u2014A neglected source of phthalate exposure in women","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.01.005","article-title":"Sanitary pads and diapers contain higher phthalate contents than those in common commercial plastic products","volume":"84","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.06.010","article-title":"Investigation of the amount of transdermal exposure of newborn babies to phthalates in paper diapers and certification of the safety of paper diapers","volume":"73","author":"Ishii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard, A. (2022). Dermal exposure to hazardous chemicals in baby diapers: A re-evaluation of the quantitative health risk assessment conducted by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074159"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.07.015","article-title":"Employ of magnetic polyaniline coated chitosan nanocomposite for extraction and determination of phthalate esters in diapers and wipes using gas chromatography","volume":"142","author":"Razavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103705","article-title":"Maternal prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and child mental, psychomotor, and behavioral development at 3 years of age","volume":"120","author":"Whyatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2358","article-title":"Prenatal phthalates, maternal thyroid function, and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian mother and child cohort","volume":"126","author":"Engel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.01.013","article-title":"Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: Concentrations and possible dermal exposure","volume":"111","author":"Koniecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133909","article-title":"Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates","volume":"295","author":"Olkowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2024.05.016","article-title":"Human skin absorption of three phthalates","volume":"398","author":"Hopf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Let."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10181","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02455","article-title":"Percutaneous penetration and metabolism of plasticizers by skin cells and its implication in dermal exposure to plasticizers by skin wipes","volume":"54","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, Y., Li, M., Xie, Y., and Guo, J. (2022). Investigating the permeation mechanism of typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and membrane response using molecular dynamics simulations. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12060596"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bek\u00f6, G., Weschler, C.J., Langer, S., Callesen, M., Toftum, J., and Clausen, G. (2013). Children\u2019s phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062442"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.125","article-title":"Association of phthalate exposures with urinary free cortisol and 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine in early childhood","volume":"627","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.193","article-title":"Urinary concentrations of 25 phthalate metabolites in Brazilian children and their association with oxidative DNA damage","volume":"586","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graille, M., Wild, P., Sauvain, J.-J., Hemmendinger, M., Guseva Canu, I., and Hopf, N.B. (2020). Urinary 8-OHdG as a biomarker for oxidative stress: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113743"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129639","article-title":"Urinary metabolites and handwipe phthalate levels among adults and children in southern China: Implication for dermal exposure","volume":"439","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02202-5","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of urinary 31 metabolites of VOCs, 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine, and trans-3\u2032-hydroxycotinine by UPLC-MS\/MS: 13C- and 15N-labeled isotoped internal standards are more effective on reduction of matrix effect","volume":"411","author":"Kuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1954","article-title":"Contamination and health risk of phthalate esters in marketed sanitary napkins from China","volume":"37","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue\/China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123390","article-title":"Co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates and their associations with oxidative stress damage in school children from South China","volume":"401","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Kang, D.R., Kwak, J.M., and Lee, J.K. (2020). Concentration and variability of urinary phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, triclosan, and parabens in Korean mother\u2013infant pairs. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208516"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.03.013","article-title":"Comparisons of urinary phthalate metabolites and daily phthalate intakes among Japanese families","volume":"218","author":"Araki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04716","article-title":"Urinary concentrations of major phthalate and alternative plasticizer metabolites in children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and associated risks","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.07.005","article-title":"Urinary levels of eight phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in mother\u2013child pairs from two Spanish locations","volume":"218","author":"Cutanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105061","article-title":"Children\u2019s exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in the home: The TESIE study","volume":"132","author":"Hammel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.11.019","article-title":"Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in breast milk in Korea: Estimating exposure to phthalates and potential risks among breast-fed infants","volume":"508","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132895","article-title":"Phthalate metabolites in breast milk from mothers in Southern China: Occurrence, temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment","volume":"464","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.001","article-title":"Higher dermal exposure of cashiers to BPA and its association with DNA oxidative damage","volume":"98","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107083","article-title":"Phthalates mixture on allergies and oxidative stress biomarkers among children: The Hokkaido study","volume":"160","author":"Ketema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685204","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6685204","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a common key event in developmental neurotoxicity","volume":"2021","author":"Nishimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.12.012","article-title":"Phthalate intake by infants calculated from biomonitoring data","volume":"225","author":"Kiranoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.005","article-title":"Phthalate metabolites in urine of Chinese young adults: Concentration, profile, exposure and cumulative risk assessment","volume":"543","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwedler, G., Rucic, E., Lange, R., Conrad, A., Koch, H.M., P\u00e4lmke, C., Br\u00fcning, T., Schulz, C., Schmied-Tobies, M.I.H., and Daniels, A. (2020). Phthalate metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German En-vironmental Survey GerES V, 2014\u20132017. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.113444"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"CDC (2021). Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Updated Tables, March 2021, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/3\/218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:44Z","timestamp":1760028884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/3\/218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13030218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13030218","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}