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Photochemical conversion further alters the chemical composition of the precursor particles and secondary products. This study investigated the effects of nanoscale iron\u2013chlorobenzene mixtures and their photochemical conversion products on early lung development in rat pups. Using network toxicology and animal experiments, we constructed a compound toxicity\u2013target network and developed air exposure models. This study revealed that both pollutants, before and after photochemical conversion, bound to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), increased oxidative stress, altered lung tissue morphology, and reduce inflammatory factor expression. Rat pups were highly sensitive to pollutants during critical stages of lung development. However, no significant differences in oxidative stress or inflammation were observed between the pollutants, likely because of immature lung tissues. Once tissue damage reached a threshold, the response to increasing pollutant concentrations diminished. This study provides insights into atmospheric pollutant toxicity and scientific evidence for the risk assessment of dioxin-like nanoscale mixtures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1742193383000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of a Nanoscale Iron\u2013Chlorobenzene Mixture on Pulmonary Injury in Rat Pups: Extending Exposure Knowledge Using Network Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kezhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation (Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation (Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation (Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"35687","article-title":"The bibliometric analysis and review of dioxin in waste incineration and steel sintering","volume":"26","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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