{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:19:06Z","timestamp":1772489946456,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Youth Innovation Science and Technology Support Program for Higher Education Institutions","award":["2022KJ164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ164"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Youth Innovation Science and Technology Support Program for Higher Education Institutions","award":["2024YFC3713800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3713800"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022KJ164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ164"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2024YFC3713800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3713800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under the concept of green and low-carbon development, efficient and environmentally friendly biochar preparation methods have attracted much attention. This study assessed a novel sodium carbonate activator combined with acid modification for sludge-based biochar (SB) production and its adsorption of organics in wool scouring wastewater. Under 600 \u00b0C, the optimal carbonization temperature, the residual weight percentage of biochar carbonized material increases from 27% to 73% after Na2CO3 activation compared to ZnCl2 activation. Compared to HCl-modified ZnCl2-activated biochar (Zn-Cl-SB), HCl-H2SO4-modified Na2CO3-activated biochar (Na-Cl\/S-SB) had a specific surface area of 509.3 m2\/g, and the average mesopore size was 7.896 nm, with micropore volume and specific surface area increasing by 83.3% and 79.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the C-O oxygen-containing functional groups and pyrrole nitrogen-containing functional groups were significantly increased. Na-Cl\/S-SB exhibited an excellent adsorption performance for organic matter in wool scouring wastewater, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 168.3 mg\/g. Furthermore, the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum analysis showed that Na-Cl\/S-SB had a strong adsorption capacity for aromatic protein analogs, proteins containing benzene rings, and dissolved microbial by-products in wool scouring wastewater. This study will serve as a guideline for the green synthesis of SB while improving its ability to adsorb pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T03:24:58Z","timestamp":1743477898000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Sodium Carbonate Activation for Manufacturing Sludge-Based Biochar and Assessment of Its Organic Adsorption Property in Treating Wool Scouring Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wanru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongrong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Ratnaweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local & Joint Engineering Research Center for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131807","article-title":"Molecular Probing of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Transformation in a Woolen Textile Wastewater Treatment Station","volume":"457","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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