{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:59:55Z","timestamp":1772783995264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current research, we examined the effects of warfarin (W1 = 5 mg\/L and W2 = 25 mg\/L) and tinzaparin (T1 = 5 mg\/L and T2 = 25 mg\/L) on meiofauna using microcosms. These microcosms were intentionally contaminated with both anticoagulants for one month. The findings indicated that nematodes and amphipods demonstrated the greatest resistance to the two anticoagulants evaluated. Specifically, the number of amphipods increased after exposure to the treatment that included T2. Following the separate introduction of each drug, amphipods displayed a taxonomic restructuring, with a more significant impact observed from T2 and T2W1. Results were derived from multivariate analyses of a compilation of sensitive amphipod taxa in response to tinzaparin and warfarin. In contrast, different species were identified as positive indicators for tinzaparin. Ultimately, the similarity between the control amphipod replicates and those subjected to mixed anticoagulants (T1W1 and T2W2) suggests that warfarin may have reduced the toxicity of tinzaparin. Additionally, the computational study indicated that warfarin interacts with 4XNN and forms strong molecular interactions with several key residues, which contribute to the toxicokinetic characteristics observed in the empirical findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:08:40Z","timestamp":1743505720000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Experimental Study to Assess the Ecotoxicity of Warfarin and Tinzaparin on Meiobenthic Amphipods: Original Taxonomic Data from Saudi Arabia and Computational Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amal","family":"Lassoued","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fehmi","family":"Boufahja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Plavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Bvd. Carol I, No. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoufel","family":"Ben Hamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A. M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3493-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Elfalleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riadh","family":"Badraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 45851, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2089-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdi","family":"Bendif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3476-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amor","family":"Hedfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.10.010","article-title":"A Natural Heparinoid from Mollusc Meretrix Lusoria: Purification, Structural Characterization, and Antithrombotic Evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.07.015","article-title":"Warfarin, a Potential Pollutant in Aquatic Environment Acting through Pxr Signaling Pathway and \u03b3-Glutamyl Carboxylation of Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins","volume":"194","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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