{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:27:03Z","timestamp":1791174423577,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doxorubicin (DOX) is used for the treatment of various malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and bladder, breast, and gynecological cancers in adults, adolescents, and children. However, DOX causes severe side effects in patients, such as cardiotoxicity, which encompasses heart failure, arrhythmia, and myocardial infarction. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is based on the combination of nuclear-mediated cardiomyocyte death and mitochondrial-mediated death. Oxidative stress, altered autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis\/ferroptosis represent the main pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for DIC. In addition, in vitro and in vivo models of DIC sirtuins (SIRT), and especially, SIRT 1 are reduced, and this event contributes to cardiac damage. In fact, SIRT 1 inhibits reactive oxygen species and NF-kB activation, thus improving myocardial oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling. Therefore, the recovery of SIRT 1 during DIC may represent a therapeutic strategy to limit DIC progression. Natural products, i.e., polyphenols, as well as nano formulations of DOX and iron chelators, are other potential compounds experimented with in models of DIC. At present, few clinical trials are available to confirm the efficacy of these products in DIC. The aim of this review is the description of the pathophysiology of DIC as well as potential drug targets to alleviate DIC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T10:32:45Z","timestamp":1744021965000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pathophysiology of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5361-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arrigoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Jirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7447-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Caiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013777","article-title":"Early detection of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and improvement with heart failure therapy","volume":"131","author":"Cardinale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6296","article-title":"Clinical ascertainment of health outcomes among adults treated for childhood cancer","volume":"309","author":"Hudson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.11.007","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte autophagy and cancer chemotherapy","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)","volume":"43","author":"Lyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.11.017","article-title":"Low to moderate dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with early noninvasive imaging evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Drafts","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp544","article-title":"Nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin (MyocetTM) combination (R-COMP) chemotherapy in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): Results from the phase II EUR018 trial","volume":"21","author":"Luminari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.04.009","article-title":"Heart Failure Therapies for End-Stage Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Mukku","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21341","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of anticancer treatments: Epidemiology, detection, and management","volume":"66","author":"Curigliano","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA. Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw211","article-title":"2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines: The Task Force for cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"37","author":"Zamorano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00135-7","article-title":"A review of the pathophysiological mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and aging","volume":"10","author":"Linders","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"101332","article-title":"Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Belger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7439.578","article-title":"Sustainability of medical imaging","volume":"328","author":"Picano","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.018","article-title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Changes in Left Ventricular Diastolic Function With Contemporary Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Upshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caiati, C., Argentiero, A., Forleo, C., Favale, S., and Lepera, M.E. (2021). Predictors of Exercise Capacity in Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Focus on Pulmonary Venous Flow Recorded with Transesophageal Eco-Doppler. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245954"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014708","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014708","article-title":"Changes in Cardiovascular Biomarkers with Breast Cancer Therapy and Associations with Cardiac Dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Demissei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-021-00101-2","article-title":"Etiology and management of hypertension in patients with cancer","volume":"7","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardio-Oncol. Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, S., Zhou, T., Qiu, B., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, J., Liu, L., Yuan, L., and Yang, G. (2021). Risk Factors for Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.736854"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2174\/157340311799960645","article-title":"Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: Prevalence, Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Volkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00307-4","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin","volume":"57","author":"Gewirtz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.11.005","article-title":"Doxorubicin: Nanotechnological overviews from bench to bedside","volume":"22","author":"Cagel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kciuk, M., Gieleci\u0144ska, A., Mujwar, S., Ko\u0142at, D., Ka\u0142uzi\u0144ska-Ko\u0142at, \u017b., Celik, I., and Kontek, R. (2023). Doxorubicin-An Agent with Multiple Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040659"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5b00268","article-title":"Mitochondrial Targeting of Doxorubicin Eliminates Nuclear Effects Associated with Cardiotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Jean","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109642","article-title":"Enzymatic defenses of the mouse heart against reactive oxygen metabolites: Alterations produced by doxorubicin","volume":"65","author":"Doroshow","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Zhou, L., Han, Y., Yang, Q., Li, X., Xin, B., Chi, M., Wang, Y., and Guo, C. (2023). Scutellarin Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Inhibiting Myocardial Fibrosis, Apoptosis and Autophagy in Rats. Chem. Biodivers., 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200450"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.03.023","article-title":"Toxicity of Doxorubicin (Dox) to different experimental organ systems","volume":"200","author":"Pugazhendhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2013.12.002","article-title":"Doxorubicin, DNA torsion, and chromatin dynamics","volume":"1845","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.043","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy\u2014An update","volume":"818","author":"Renu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70035","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.70035","article-title":"Atomistic Insights Into Interaction of Doxorubicin With DNA: From Duplex to Nucleosome","volume":"46","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443046","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2443046","article-title":"RNA-binding protein quaking: A multifunctional regulator in tumour progression","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.02.013","article-title":"Oxidative stress injury in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"307","author":"Songbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"6573","article-title":"Mitigation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by dichloroacetate: Potential roles of restoration of PGC-1\u03b1\/SIRT3 signaling and suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"25","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35747-2","article-title":"Redox cycling of anthracyclines by cardiac mitochondria. II. Formation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical","volume":"261","author":"Doroshow","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.016","article-title":"Nanoceria ameliorates doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity: Possible mitigation via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Sangomla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4669","article-title":"Doxorubicin-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress: Mitochondrial connexin 43 is at the crossroads","volume":"46","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1466","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00795.2008","article-title":"Role of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in doxorubicin-induced celldeath in vivo and in vitro","volume":"296","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017443","article-title":"Doxorubicin Blocks Cardiomyocyte Autophagic Flux by Inhibiting Lysosome Acidification","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podyacheva, E., Danilchuk, M., and Toropova, Y. (2023). Molecular mechanisms of endothelial remodeling under doxorubicin treatment. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomed. Pharmacother., 162.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114576"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.02.045","article-title":"Nuclear accumulation of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) maintains the survival of doxorubicin-induced senescent cells by promoting survivin expression","volume":"375","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.79227","article-title":"Hippo pathway activation mediates chemotherapy-induced anti-cancer effect and cardiomyopathy through causing mitochondrial damage and dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"She","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11285","article-title":"Involvement of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiac cells","volume":"44","author":"Takaguri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00098-4","article-title":"Autophagy in healthy aging and disease","volume":"1","author":"Aman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2165","article-title":"The true colors of autophagy in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (Review)","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2018.05.001","article-title":"Doxorubicin-induced mitophagy and mitochondrial damage is associated with dysregulation of the PINK1\/parkin pathway","volume":"51","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro Int. J. Publ. Assoc. BIBRA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-L\u00f3pez, A., Battino, M., Navarro-Hortal, M.D., Giampieri, F., Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez, T.Y., Romero-M\u00e1rquez, J.M., Collado, R., and Quiles, J.L. (2019). An update on the mechanisms related to cell death and toxicity of doxorubicin and the protective role of nutrients. Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110834"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah, C.S., Alam, S., Aishwarya, R., Miriyala, S., Bhuiyan, M.A.N., Panchatcharam, M., Pattillo, C.B., Orr, A.W., Sadoshima, J., and Hill, J.A. (2019). Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy associated with inhibition of autophagic degradation process and defects in mitochondrial respiration. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37862-3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.082","article-title":"Doxorubicin induces cardiomyocyte death owing to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria by inhibiting the autophagy fusion process","volume":"195","author":"Toda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"154027","article-title":"Dihydromyricetin protects against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of AMPK\/mTOR pathway","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3413-7","article-title":"Allicin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"80","author":"Kilany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagchi, A.K., Malik, A., Akolkar, G., Jassal, D.S., and Singal, P.K. (2021). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Promotes iNOS\/NO and Influences Inflammation in the Development of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121897"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02132-z","article-title":"Inflammation suppression in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: Natural compounds as therapeutic options","volume":"394","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, S., Su, L., Shan, P., Ye, B., Wu, S., Liang, G., and Huang, W. (2021). LCZ696 Attenuated Doxorubicin-Induced Chronic Cardiomyopathy Through the TLR2-MyD88 Complex Formation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.654051"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-020-09576-4","article-title":"Involvement of ROS\/NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"36","article-title":"Gasdermin D mediates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and cardiotoxicity via directly binding to doxorubicin and changes in mitochondrial damage","volume":"248","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, K., and Zeng, Q. (2020). Heat Shock Protein 22 Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Regulating Inflammation and Apoptosis. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00257"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, A., Deng, F., Chen, Y., Kong, Y., Pan, L., Liao, Q., Rao, Z., Xie, L., Yao, C., and Li, S. (2020). NF-\u03baB pathway activation during endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomedecine Pharmacother., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110525"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.20996\/1819-6446-2021-10-17","article-title":"Relationship between Chemotherapy and Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Case","volume":"17","author":"Avagimyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ration. Pharmacother. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2024.107309","article-title":"Macrophages participate in doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage","volume":"155","author":"Cerasuolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701611325234241202073459","article-title":"The Immune System, An Arrow into the Heart. Principles of Cardioimmunology, An Emerging Branch in Medicine","volume":"23","author":"Caiati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitakata, H., Endo, J., Ikura, H., Moriyama, H., Shirakawa, K., Katsumata, Y., and Sano, M. (2022). Therapeutic Targets for DOX-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Role of Apoptosis vs. Ferroptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031414"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S304520","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte Stim1 Deficiency Exacerbates Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity by Magnification of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Mechanisms, biology and role in disease","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9984330","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9984330","article-title":"Protection against Doxorubicin-Related Cardiotoxicity by Jaceosidin Involves the Sirt1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04715-1","article-title":"WGX50 mitigates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of mitochondrial ROS and ferroptosis","volume":"21","author":"Tai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.043","article-title":"The development of the concept of ferroptosis","volume":"133","author":"Hirschhorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-021-09660-7","article-title":"METTL14 promotes doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis by regulating the KCNQ1OT1-miR-7-5p-TFRC axis","volume":"39","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116210","article-title":"Differential impact of doxorubicin dose on cell death and autophagy pathways during acute cardiotoxicity","volume":"453","author":"Kawalec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00053.2015","article-title":"The role of sirtuins in cardiac disease","volume":"309","author":"Matsushima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, Y., Ding, H., Li, D., Shen, W., and Zhang, X. (2023). The Current State of Research on Sirtuin-Mediated Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10090382"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110465","article-title":"Exogenous hydrogen sulfide inhibits the senescence of cardiomyocytes through modulating mitophagy in rats","volume":"100","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/cai2.64","article-title":"Resveratrol activation of SIRT1\/MFN2 can improve mitochondria function, alleviating doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Innov."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.01.019","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects the heart from angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction via SIRT1","volume":"1865","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107841","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates angiotensin II-induced myocardial hypertrophy through repressing NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress via modulating SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"98","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-023-01929-y","article-title":"PARP-2 mediates cardiomyocyte aging and damage induced by doxorubicin through SIRT1 Inhibition","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apoptosis Int. J. Program. Cell Death"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155673","article-title":"Research progress on the role and mechanism of Sirtuin family in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-020-09620-3","article-title":"MiR-200a-3p Aggravates DOX-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Targeting PEG3 Through SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB Signal Pathway","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Lu, W., Lin, N., Lin, H., Zhang, J., Ni, T., Meng, L., Zhang, C., and Guo, H. (2020). Dihydromyricetin alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome through activation of SIRT1. Biochem. Pharmacol., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113888"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6557","article-title":"Calycosin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation via the sirtuin 1-NOD-like receptor protein 3 pathway","volume":"34","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr022","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhong, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., Li, H., Liu, X., Yuan, X., Huang, W., and Huang, Z. (2023). Cardiac sirtuin1 deficiency exacerbates ferroptosis in doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury through the Nrf2\/Keap1 pathway. Chem. Biol. Interact., 377.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110469"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-021-09649-2","article-title":"Sirt6 protects cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting P53\/Fas-dependent cell death and augmenting endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160685","article-title":"Mitochondrial Sirtuins in cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"131","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.12.013","article-title":"MicroRNA-140-5p aggravates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by promoting myocardial oxidative stress via targeting Nrf2 and Sirt2","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7293861","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7293861","article-title":"SIRT3: A New Regulator of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"2018","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9576","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00772J","article-title":"Daidzein alleviates doxorubicin-induced heart failure via the SIRT3\/FOXO3a signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"LI","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.07.030","article-title":"Berberine-induced cardioprotection and Sirt3 modulation in doxorubicin-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts","volume":"1863","author":"Coelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008547","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008547","article-title":"Mitochondrial Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Dilated Cardiomyopathy by Modulating Protein Acetylation and Oxidative Stress","volume":"15","author":"Tomczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117134","article-title":"Qishen granule attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by protecting mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress through regulation of Sirtuin3","volume":"319","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Z., Gao, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, F., Zhang, P., Hu, S., Wu, H., Lou, H., Chi, J., and Lin, H. (2023). Inhibiting mir-34a-5p regulates doxorubicin-induced autophagy disorder and alleviates myocardial pyroptosis by targeting Sirt3-AMPK pathway. Biomed. Pharmacother., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115654"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2018.07.031","article-title":"SIRT4 is the last puzzle of mitochondrial sirtuins","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2018.01.118","article-title":"Novel role of the SIRT4-OPA1 axis in mitochondrial quality control","volume":"2","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101307","article-title":"SIRT4 interacts with OPA1 and regulates mitochondrial quality control and mitophagy","volume":"9","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153119","article-title":"SIRT4 Suppresses Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Regulating the AKT\/mTOR\/Autophagy Pathway","volume":"469","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Z., Ma, L., Li, Y., Yang, J., Yang, Q., Yao, W., and Li, S. (2022). CoQ10 Improves Myocardial Damage in Doxorubicin-Induced Heart Failure in C57BL\/6 Mice. Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed., 27.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2708244"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, L., Li, T., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Ma, H., Mu, N., and Wang, H. (2021). SIRT6 in Senescence and Aging-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.641315"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316061","article-title":"The Tumor-Suppressive Human Circular RNA CircITCH Sponges miR-330-5p to Ameliorate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Through Upregulating SIRT6, Survivin, and SERCA2a","volume":"127","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.03.019","article-title":"Overexpressed SIRT6 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and potentiates the therapeutic efficacy through metabolic remodeling","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhang, X., Hou, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Gao, S., Duan, H., Gu, S., Yu, S., and Cai, Y. (2024). SIRT6 activates PPAR\u03b1 to improve doxorubicin-induced myocardial cell aging and damage. Chem. Biol. Interact., 392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.110920"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04342-x","article-title":"SIRT7 in the aging process","volume":"79","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.164558","article-title":"Sirt7 increases stress resistance of cardiomyocytes and prevents apoptosis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy in mice","volume":"102","author":"Vakhrusheva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014821","article-title":"Sirt7 Contributes to Myocardial Tissue Repair by Maintaining Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"132","author":"Araki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"98","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte Sirt (Sirtuin) 7 Ameliorates Stress-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Interacting with and Deacetylating GATA4","volume":"75","author":"Yamamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertens. Dallas Tex 1979"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.10.003","article-title":"MicroRNA-148b-3p is involved in regulating hypoxia\/reoxygenation-induced injury of cardiomyocytes in vitro through modulating SIRT7\/p53 signaling","volume":"296","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.24061","article-title":"Resveratrol activates SIRT1 in a Lamin A-dependent manner","volume":"12","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle Georget. Tex"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.265462.115","article-title":"Structural basis for allosteric, substrate-dependent stimulation of SIRT1 activity by resveratrol","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM01655A","article-title":"Comparison of cubosomes and liposomes for the encapsulation and delivery of curcumin","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"2033","article-title":"Sirt1 promotes autophagy and inhibits apoptosis to protect cardiomyocytes from hypoxic stress","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.65258","article-title":"Underlying the Mechanisms of Doxorubicin-Induced Acute Cardiotoxicity: Oxidative Stress and Cell Death","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16618","article-title":"The role of SIRT2 in vascular-related and heart-related diseases: A review","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116794","article-title":"Resveratrol protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuating ferroptosis through modulating the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"482","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1568746","article-title":"Sirtuin 6 overexpression relieves sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by promoting autophagy","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle Georget. Tex"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2174\/221270700101140721001419","article-title":"Immunity to Tuberculosis and Novel Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"1","author":"Magrone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Endocr. Metab. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrigoni, R., Ballini, A., Jirillo, E., and Santacroce, L. (2024). Current View on Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070603"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.142932","article-title":"Advances in dietary polyphenols: Regulation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) via bile acid metabolism and the gut-brain axis","volume":"472","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530323666221107092553","article-title":"Natural Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress: Dietary Polyphenols Strike Back","volume":"23","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Liu, Q., Gao, T., Li, J., Zhang, J., Chen, O., Cao, C., Mao, M., Xiao, M., and Zhang, X. (2022). Resveratrol and FGF1 Synergistically Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Activation of SIRT1-NRF2 Pathway. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194017"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syahputra, R.A., Harahap, U., Dalimunthe, A., Nasution, M.P., and Satria, D. (2022). The Role of Flavonoids as a Cardioprotective Strategy against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041320"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590676","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2590676","article-title":"Apigenin Attenuates Adriamycin-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway","volume":"2017","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.12.021","article-title":"Rutin attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via regulating autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"1863","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priya, L.B., Baskaran, R., Huang, C.-Y., and Padma, V.V. (2017). Neferine ameliorates cardiomyoblast apoptosis induced by doxorubicin: Possible role in modulating NADPH oxidase\/ROS-mediated NF\u03baB redox signaling cascade. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12060-9"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060519826848","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519826848","article-title":"Astragaloside IV promotes the eNOS\/NO\/cGMP pathway and improves left ventricular diastolic function in rats with metabolic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afsar, T., Razak, S., Batoo, K.M., and Khan, M.R. (2017). Acacia hydaspica R. Parker prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury by attenuation of oxidative stress and structural Cardiomyocyte alterations in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-2061-0"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Zhang, J., Zhao, M., Liu, J., Ye, J., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Ye, D., Li, D., and Wan, J. (2021). Resolvin D1 Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.749899"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.03.001","article-title":"Panax ginseng and its ginsenosides: Potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects","volume":"45","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01029-6","article-title":"Cardiac safety analysis of first-line chemotherapy drug pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in ovarian cancer","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, M., Yan, F., Yu, S., and Shen, P. (2015). Efficacy and Cardiotoxicity of Liposomal Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy in Advanced Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Ten Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133569"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norouzi, M., Yathindranath, V., Thliveris, J.A., Kopec, B.M., Siahaan, T.J., and Miller, D.W. (2020). Doxorubicin-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles for glioblastoma therapy: A combinational approach for enhanced delivery of nanoparticles. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68017-y"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourek, C., Touloupaki, M., Rempakos, A., Loritis, K., Tsougkos, E., Paraskevaidis, I., and Briasoulis, A. (2022). Cardioprotective Strategies from Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients: A Comprehensive Review. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9080259"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-016-6711-0","article-title":"Anthracycline Chemotherapy and Cardiotoxicity","volume":"31","author":"McGowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001118","article-title":"Dexrazoxane Significantly Reduces Anthracycline-induced Cardiotoxicity in Pediatric Solid Tumor Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Liesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"CD003917","article-title":"Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines","volume":"2011","author":"Caron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.3879","article-title":"Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia\/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Tebbi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.01.013","article-title":"TATTON: A multi-arm, phase Ib trial of osimertinib combined with selumetinib, savolitinib, or durvalumab in EGFR-mutant lung cancer","volume":"31","author":"Oxnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000442722","article-title":"Carvedilol Administration Can Prevent Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial","volume":"134","author":"Beheshti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.11887","article-title":"Atorvastatin for Anthracycline-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction: The STOP-CA Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"330","author":"Neilan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-3952","article-title":"Statins Do Not Significantly Affect Oxidative Nitrosative Stress Biomarkers in the PREVENT Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"30","author":"Makhlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311335","article-title":"Quaking Inhibits Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity Through Regulation of Cardiac Circular RNA Expression","volume":"122","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114016","article-title":"Inhibition of NETs prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuating IL-18-IFN-\u03b3-Cx43 axis induced cardiac conduction abnormalities","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"2933","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation, hypercoagulability and endothelial injury predict early asymptomatic doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Todorova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/4\/277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:10:36Z","timestamp":1760029836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/4\/277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13040277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13040277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]}}}