{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:29:56Z","timestamp":1790134196782,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution plays a key role in sleep disorders and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and\/or transactive response DNA-binding protein TDP-43 neuropathology have been documented in children and young adult forensic autopsies in the metropolitan area of Mexico City (MMC), along with sleep disorders, cognitive deficits, and MRI brain atrophy in seemingly healthy young populations. Ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) and industrial nanoparticles (NPs) reach urbanites\u2019 brains through nasal\/olfactory, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and placental barriers. We documented Fe UFPM\/NPs in neurovascular units, as well as lateral hypothalamic nucleus orexinergic neurons, thalamus, medullary, pontine, and mesencephalic reticular formation, and in pinealocytes. We quantified ferromagnetic materials in sleep and arousal brain hubs and examined their motion behavior to low magnetic fields in MMC brain autopsy samples from nine children and 25 adults with AD, PD, and TDP-43 neuropathology. Saturated isothermal remanent magnetization curves at 50\u2013300 mT were associated with UFPM\/NP accumulation in sleep\/awake hubs and their motion associated with 30\u201350 \u00b5T (DC magnetic fields) exposure. Brain samples exposed to anthropogenic PM pollution were found to be sensitive to low magnetic fields, with motion behaviors that were potentially linked to the early development and progression of fatal neurodegenerative diseases and sleep disorders. Single-domain magnetic UFPM\/NPs in the orexin system, as well as arousal, sleep, and autonomic regions, are key to neurodegeneration, behavioral and cognitive impairment, and sleep disorders. We need to identify children at higher risk and monitor environmental UFPM and NP emissions and exposures to magnetic fields. Ubiquitous ferrimagnetic particles and low magnetic field exposures are a threat to global brain health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1744110302000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sleep and Arousal Hubs and Ferromagnetic Ultrafine Particulate Matter and Nanoparticle Motion Under Electromagnetic Fields: Neurodegeneration, Sleep Disorders, Orexinergic Neurons, and Air Pollution in Young Urbanites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"},{"name":"Escuela de Enfermeria, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Piedras Negras, Piedras Negras 26000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredy Rub\u00e9n","family":"Cejudo-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geof\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elijah W.","family":"Stommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1909-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8833-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Reynoso-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor G.","family":"Silva-Pereyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advance Materials, Instituto Potosino de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica AC, San Luis Potosi 78216, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7223-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz E.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Guille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Eugenia","family":"Soriano-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Torres-Jard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02206-9","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Air Pollution and Psychosocial Stress Jointly Contribute to the Epigenetic Regulation of the Serotonin Transporter Gene in Newborns","volume":"28","author":"Nazzari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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