{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:46:18Z","timestamp":1776289578928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program (Natural Science)","award":["ZK [2022] 365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK [2022] 365"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program (Natural Science)","award":["gzwkj2024-219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2024-219"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Fund Project of Guizhou Health Commission","award":["ZK [2022] 365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK [2022] 365"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Fund Project of Guizhou Health Commission","award":["gzwkj2024-219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2024-219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metformin disinfection byproducts Y and C have emerged as pollutants of concern in drinking water systems and are suspected to possess significant toxicity to mammals. However, effective strategies to mitigate the effects of Y and C exposure in mammals have not been thoroughly formulated. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity and characteristic phenotypes of short-term, high-dose exposure to Y and C in the intestine and liver of mice and to evaluate the protective effects of Dictyophora rubrovolvata extract (DRE) on Y- and C-induced intestinal and liver damage. The results showed that exposure-induced intestinal toxicity manifested mainly as intestinal barrier dysfunction, induction of immune response and oxidative stress, and disruption of intestinal flora homeostasis. Hepatotoxicity was mainly characterized by histopathological changes such as vacuolar degeneration, abnormal liver function, and oxidative stress. Additionally, marked changes in gut microbiota and biochemical indicators were closely related to hepatic and intestinal injuries after exposure. DRE effectively alleviated Y- and C-induced intestinal and liver damage, reshaped the gut microbiota, and maintained gut\u2013liver axis homeostasis. These findings provide new insights into the toxic effects of disinfection byproduct exposure through the gut-liver axis and suggest that functional food extracts may serve to protect against these adverse health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T11:02:57Z","timestamp":1744801377000},"page":"310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protective Effect of Dictyophora rubrovolvata Extract on Intestinal and Liver Tissue Toxicity Induced by Metformin Disinfection Byproducts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4643-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huijuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6002-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13362","article-title":"Metformin targets brown adipose tissue in vivo and reduces oxygen consumption in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Breining","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. 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