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Our in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that HMGB1 was highly expressed in MM. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of HMGB1 markedly suppressed MM cell viability, migration, and invasion, while inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest and enhancing apoptosis. Interestingly, the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), achieved through both siRNA and TAK-242 treatment, not only suppressed tumor-promoting signals but also reduced HMGB1 expression, suggesting a self-amplifying HMGB1-TLR4 loop. Mechanistically, in vitro experiments indicated that suppression of HMGB1 and TLR4 was associated with decreased activation of NF-\u03baB, AKT, and ERK pathways, which are involved in regulating MM cell survival and motility. In xenograft models, treatment with ethyl pyruvate (EP) and TAK-242 significantly suppressed tumor growth and HMGB1 expression, reinforcing their therapeutic potential. Given HMGB1\u2019s influence on both tumor cell behavior and the immune microenvironment, targeting the HMGB1-TLR4 axis may not only provide a novel therapeutic strategy for MM but also offer insights into the mechanisms underlying asbestos-induced tumorigenesis, potentially guiding future prevention and intervention strategies in asbestos-exposed populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:28:42Z","timestamp":1748435322000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["HMGB1 as a Key Mediator in Malignant Mesothelioma and a Potential Target for Asbestos-Related Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi-Fang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ji","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Chun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Qian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Xue","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua-Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Ling","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21572","article-title":"Mesothelioma: Scientific Clues for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy","volume":"69","author":"Carbone","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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