{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:49:20Z","timestamp":1790984960291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52260023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52260023"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025GXNSFDA069043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GXNSFDA069043"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["52260023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52260023"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2025GXNSFDA069043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GXNSFDA069043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concentrations of 17 antibiotics in the surface water and groundwater of a typical river in the Huixian Wetland were measured, and the ecological and health risks of these antibiotics to surface water and groundwater were assessed. The three types of antibiotics measured included quinolones, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides. The results showed that the mean values of the three antibiotics in surface water were sulfonamides &gt; quinolones &gt; tetracyclines and in groundwater were sulfonamides &gt; tetracyclines &gt; quinolones, and the antibiotic residues were associated with aquaculture and livestock breeding in the wetland, which indicated that antibiotics had a very high rate of use in the Huixian Wetland. The results of the ecological risk evaluation showed that the potential risk of five antibiotics, namely ofloxacin, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, and doxycycline, was high. The results of the health risk evaluation indicated that most of the residual antibiotics were of a medium and low risk to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T10:21:49Z","timestamp":1748859709000},"page":"460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Occurrence Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Antibiotics in Surface Water and Groundwater of the Huixian Wetland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dunqiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Watershed Protection and Green Development, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Watershed Protection and Green Development, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Watershed Protection and Green Development, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Watershed Protection and Green Development, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Watershed Protection and Green Development, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pancu, D.F., Scurtu, A., Macasoi, I.G., Marti, D., Mioc, M., Soica, C., Coricovac, D., Horhat, D., Poenaru, M., and Dehelean, C. 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