{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:20:27Z","timestamp":1760059227087,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["GA 101008571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 101008571"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: As the demand for 212Pb for clinical theranostics rises, empirical studies that examine the radiation safety implications of different 224Ra sources are needed to facilitate discussions with local authorities for the translation of 203\/212Pb theranostics routine clinical practice. (2) Methods: Environmental 220Rn (Thoron) emanation was detected by a RAD7 detector in the vicinity of respective 212Pb sources and additional alpha-dosimeters to detect 220Rn during generator elution, radiosynthesis, and quality control. Personnel gamma exposure was measured using whole-body and ring dosimeters. Generators included those based on wet-chemical-process- and emanation-based technology. (3) Results: During generator handling, varying levels of 220Rn were observed in the vicinity of generators. An additional monthly whole-body dose must be considered when handling different sources of 212Pb generators, and this depends upon local shielding and the handling approaches toward use of the technology. (4) Conclusions: 224Ra in any form (including radionuclide generators) should always be handled within a fume hood to keep potential contamination and exposure to personnel as low as reasonably achievable. Following standard practices of radiation safety, generators of 212Pb can be used safely for theranostic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T10:21:49Z","timestamp":1748859709000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Different 212Pb Generators and Its Radiation Safety Concerning 220Rn (Thoron) Emanation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6432-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Pretze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Duchemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Stora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Inzamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"K\u00e4stner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin A.","family":"Sagastume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perspective Therapeutics, Coralville, IA 52241, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perspective Therapeutics, Coralville, IA 52241, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Kotzerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"Bundschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1970-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Freudenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miederer, M., Bene\u0161ov\u00e1-Sch\u00e4fer, M., Mamat, C., K\u00e4stner, D., Pretze, M., Michler, E., Brogsitter, C., Kotzerke, J., Kopka, K., and Scheinberg, D.A. 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