{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:49:04Z","timestamp":1790639344878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014CB441106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20239030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20239030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["2014CB441106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441106"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["20239030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20239030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Microplastics (MPs) can be inhaled by people. However, the relationships between long-term exposure to inhaled MPs, pulmonary fibrosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction are not completely clear. Methods: SD rats were exposed to a 0.0125, 0.125, 0.31, or 1.25 mg\/day dosage of mixed polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs), with the particle sizes ranging from 500 nm to 4 \u00b5m, via intratracheal administration, for 7 to 35 consecutive days. Results: PS-MPs with particle sizes ranging from 1 \u00b5m to 4 \u00b5m were deposited in the lungs. The contents of NF\u03baB-mediated proinflammatory cytokines were increased in the lungs of the rats after 7 days of PS-MP exposure. After exposure to PS-MPs, the degree of collagen deposition and the expression of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad increased significantly, and the levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and nuclear \u03b2-catenin decreased significantly. The number of healthy mitochondria decreased, the expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins increased, and the level of PINK1\/Parkin-mediated mitophagy decreased in the lungs of the rats after 7 days of PS-MP exposure. A benchmark dose (BMD) of 0.151 mg\/day and a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) of 0.031 mg\/day were identified on the basis of the subchronic effects of the intratracheal administration of the PS-MPs. Conclusions: Our study provides an in-depth understanding of the potential impacts of MP pollution on respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:42:25Z","timestamp":1749530545000},"page":"487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intratracheal Administration of Polystyrene Micro(nano)plastics with a Mixed Particle Size Promote Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats by Activating TGF-\u03b21 Signaling and Destabilizing Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy in a Dose- and Time-Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Eco-Restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua South Street, Dadong District, Shenyang 110044, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang University, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Eco-Restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua South Street, Dadong District, Shenyang 110044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang University, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongcheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang SYRICI Testing Co., Ltd., No. 600 Shenliao Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang 110141, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Eco-Restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua South Street, Dadong District, Shenyang 110044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Liaoning Province, No. 98 Quanyun 3rd Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Liaoning Province, No. 98 Quanyun 3rd Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110013, 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District, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Delivery Room, 87 Danan Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Eco-Restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua South Street, Dadong District, Shenyang 110044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13503","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13503","article-title":"Harmful effects of the microplastic pollution on animal health: A literature 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