{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:32:38Z","timestamp":1787243558879,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University","award":["PM10\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PM10\/2566"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University","award":["8393(25)\/1688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8393(25)\/1688"]}]},{"name":"CMU Presidential Scholarship granted by Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand","award":["PM10\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PM10\/2566"]}]},{"name":"CMU Presidential Scholarship granted by Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand","award":["8393(25)\/1688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8393(25)\/1688"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines how seasonal air pollution affects health perceptions, risk awareness, and preventive behaviors among a sample of 150 individuals, particularly within vulnerable people living in Thailand. Many participants were older adults (54.7% aged \u2265 60), female (76.7%), and had a low income (less than 10,000 THB\/month (USD 295), 92.6%). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, as indicated by urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), significantly increased during high-pollution periods (p &lt; 0.001), while benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) levels did not show significant changes. Farmers exhibited the highest PAH exposure (p = 0.018). Risk perception and preventive behavior scores rose from 0.711 to 0.748 and from 0.505 to 0.707, respectively. Notable items with high factor loadings included \u201cburning pollutes the air and spreads pollution\u201d (Q2.1 = 0.998) and \u201cavoid burning of any kind\u201d (Q4.2 = 1.007). Neurological symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, increased from 0.956 to 1.049, while respiratory problems like pneumonia went up from 0.673 to 1.07. Environmental risk knowledge-related perceptions experienced a slight decline (from 0.609 to 0.576). These results highlight the need for targeted education through community workshops and strategies like mask distribution, indoor air filtration, and early warning systems for vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T05:23:16Z","timestamp":1749619396000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations Between Individual Health Risk Perceptions and Biomarkers of PAH Exposure Before and After PM2.5 Pollution in the Suburbs of Chiang Mai Province"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3612-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobia","family":"Kausar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1944-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumed","family":"Yadoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurak","family":"Wongta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natthapol","family":"Kosashunhanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surat","family":"Hongsibsong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173657","article-title":"Particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals, platelet parameters and blood pressure alteration: Multi-pollutants study among population","volume":"941","author":"Abulikemu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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