{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:25:18Z","timestamp":1793219118474,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The toxicity of metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) makes heavy metal contamination in food products a major health concern. The aim of this study is to measure the levels of Pb and Cd in yogurt samples that were collected from 11 distinct Lebanese locations and determine their compliance with the legal limits set by the European Commission (0.02 mg\/kg for Pb and 0.005 mg\/kg for Cd). A total of 165 yogurt samples were examined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Interestingly, the findings showed that 10.9% of samples had Pb concentrations over the allowable limit; the highest amounts were observed in Baalbeck-Hermel (0.118 mg\/kg), North Area (0.125 mg\/kg), and South Lebanon (0.115 mg\/kg). In addition, the highest detected concentrations of Cd were found in North Area (0.094 mg\/kg), Baalbeck-Hermel (0.076 mg\/kg), and Akkar (0.042 mg\/kg), with 14.5% of samples above the limit. The results show regional differences in contamination, which are probably caused by industrial emissions, agricultural activities, and environmental pollution. To better understand the potential health implications, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb and Cd through yogurt consumption was calculated and compared to international health-based guidance values. Although the EDI values suggest a low risk from yogurt alone, the findings highlight the importance of cumulative exposure and emphasize the necessity of regular monitoring and stricter implementation of food safety laws to decrease exposure to heavy metals through dairy intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Heavy Metal Contamination in Yogurt from Lebanon: Evaluating Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentrations Across Multiple Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6632-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Sarkis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Sant\u00e9 (EDSS), Medical Sciences Campus, Saint Joseph University of Beirut (USJ), Beirut 1100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayan","family":"Kashmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPEA, Energy Systems and Environment Department, IMT Atlantique, Rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Research and Analysis Platform in Environmental Sciences (EDST-PRASE), Beirut 1100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6679-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tzenios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Charisma University, London EC1V 7QE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Hoteit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PHENOL Research Group (Public Health Nutrition Program-Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"},{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique, d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut 1100, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia P.O. Box 24005, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0085-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Tannous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli P.O. Box 100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Matta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"},{"name":"Industrial Research Institute, Lebanese University Campus, Hadat Baabda, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risks for Selected Heavy Metals of Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Cheeses in Iraqi Markets","volume":"38","author":"Muneam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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