{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:52:27Z","timestamp":1787727147927,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]],"date-time":"2025-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006368","name":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIFULPGC-2020-CCSALUD-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFULPGC-2020-CCSALUD-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006368","name":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APCR2022010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCR2022010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006368","name":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APCR2022010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCR2022010003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Catalina Ruiz research staff training aid program of Canary Islands Government\u2019s Ministry of Universities, Science, Innovation, and Culture and the European Social Fund","award":["PIFULPGC-2020-CCSALUD-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFULPGC-2020-CCSALUD-1"]}]},{"name":"Catalina Ruiz research staff training aid program of Canary Islands Government\u2019s Ministry of Universities, Science, Innovation, and Culture and the European Social Fund","award":["APCR2022010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCR2022010002"]}]},{"name":"Catalina Ruiz research staff training aid program of Canary Islands Government\u2019s Ministry of Universities, Science, Innovation, and Culture and the European Social Fund","award":["APCR2022010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCR2022010003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in wildlife has primarily focused on apex predators, with less attention given to their potential integration into lower trophic levels and the associated exposure pathways. At the base of the terrestrial food web, invertebrates have been suggested as potential vectors of ARs to insectivorous species such as small mammals, reptiles, and birds. To explore this hypothesis, we analyzed the presence of nine anticoagulant rodenticides\u2014including both first-generation (FGARs) and second-generation (SGARs) rodenticides\u2014in 36 liver samples from Yemen chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and 98 liver samples from six non-raptorial, predominantly insectivorous bird species from the Canary Islands. Through HPLC-MS\/MS analysis, only SGARs were detected in both animal groups collected between 2021 and 2024. Approximately 80% of reptiles and 40% of birds tested positive for at least one SGAR, with brodifacoum being the most frequently detected compound. In more than 90% of positive cases, it was found as the sole contaminant, while co-occurrence with other SGARs was uncommon. Additionally, most concentrations were below 50 ng\/g wet weight, except for two bird specimens, suggesting heterogeneous exposure scenarios and potential variability in contamination sources across individuals. These findings provide evidence of AR integration at the base of the terrestrial food web in the Canary Islands and suggest secondary exposure via invertebrates as a plausible route of contamination. Further research directly analyzing invertebrate samples is needed to confirm their role as vectors of ARs to insectivorous wildlife in insular ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Widespread Contamination by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Insectivorous Wildlife from the Canary Islands: Exploring Alternative Routes of Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3297-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00edn Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1272-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Acosta Dacal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Mac\u00edas-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2773-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Rial-Berriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1534-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Zumbado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"Henr\u00edquez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Gallo-Barneto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gesti\u00f3n y Planeamiento Territorial y Medioambiental, S.A. (GESPLAN), Canary Islands Government, C\/Le\u00f3n y Castillo 54, bajo, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Cabrera-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate to Combat Climate Change and the Environment, Biodiversity Service, Canary Islands Government, Plaza de los Derechos Humanos, 22, Edificio Servicios M\u00faltiples I. 8\u00aa Planta, 35071 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio P.","family":"Luzardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s\/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckle, A.P., and Smith, R.H. 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