{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:56:11Z","timestamp":1792806971554,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kqnpp86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) released in the environment reportedly affect the reproduction of various organisms, induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, resulting in altered sperm parameters. In this in vitro study, we tested the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of PS-MPs by exposing human semen samples to PS-MPs levels (105 and 210 \u03bcg\/mL) for 30\u201360\u201390 min. Semen parameters, genome stability, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed before and after exposure. Moreover, we also evaluated the expression level of spermatozoa-specific expressed genes essential for the fusion with oocyte (DCST1, DCST2, IZUMO1, SPACA6, SOF1, and TMEM95). After PS-MP exposure, semen concentration and morphology did not differ, while sperm vitality and motility decreased in a time-dependent manner. In addition, sperm agglutination was observed in the groups exposed to both PS-MPs concentrations tested. A time- and concentration-dependent reduction in genomic stability, as well as increased SDF and ROS production, was also observed. Moreover, all investigated transcripts were down-regulated after PS-MP exposure. Our results confirm the oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of PS-MPs on human spermatozoa. The sperm agglutination observed after treatment could be due to the aggregation of PS-MPs already adhered to the sperm membranes, hindering sperm movement and fertilizing capability. Interestingly, the downregulation of genes required for sperm\u2013oocyte fusion, resulting from data on the in vitro experimental system, suggests that PS-MP exposure may have implications for sperm functionality. While these findings highlight potential mechanisms of sperm dysfunction, further investigations using in vivo models are needed to determine their broader biological implications. Possible environmental and working exposure to pollutants should be considered during the counselling for male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13070605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human Sperm Functionality: An In Vitro Study of Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Fertility-Related Genes Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9228-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Mottola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2481-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Carannante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6686-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0100-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ibello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Montano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (EcoFood Fertility Project), S. 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