{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:07:09Z","timestamp":1793210829405,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L252139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L252139"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["6252017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6252017"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["32102724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102724"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["L252139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L252139"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["6252017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6252017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102724"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins represent a group of highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by diverse fungal pathogens. Mycotoxin contaminations frequently occur in foods and feed and pose significant risks to human and animal health due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressive properties. Notably, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins (mainly including fumonisins B1, B2, and FB3), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and T-2\/HT-2 toxins are the major mycotoxin contaminants in foods and feed. Undoubtedly, exposure to these mycotoxins can disrupt gut health, particularly damaging the intestinal epithelium in humans and animals. In this review, we summarized the detrimental effects caused by these mycotoxins on the intestinal health of humans and animals. The fundamental molecular mechanisms, which cover the induction of inflammatory reaction and immune dysfunction, the breakdown of the intestinal barrier, the triggering of oxidative stress, and the intestinal microbiota imbalance, were explored. These signaling pathways, such as MAPK, Akt\/mTOR, TNF, TGF-\u03b2, Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin, PKA, NF-kB, NLRP3, AHR, TLR2, TLR4, IRE1\/XBP1, Nrf2, and MLCK pathways, are implicated. The abnormal expression of micro-RNA also plays a critical role. Finally, we anticipate that this review can offer new perspectives and theoretical foundations for controlling intestinal health issues caused by mycotoxin contamination and promote the development of prevention and control products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T09:53:02Z","timestamp":1753696382000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mycotoxin-Caused Intestinal Toxicity: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Further Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiehong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9516-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gea","family":"Oliveri Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Velkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biodiscovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shusheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongshan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28361","article-title":"A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Tang, S., Peng, X., Sharma, G., Yin, S., Hao, Z., Li, J., Shen, J., and Dai, C. 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