{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:17:38Z","timestamp":1785442658250,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","award":["RS-2023-00267871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00267871"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Petrochemical complexes are spatially expansive and host diverse emission sources, making accurate monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) challenging using conventional two-dimensional methods. This study introduces Mobile-extraction Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Me-DOAS), a real-time, three-dimensional remote sensing technique for assessing benzene emissions in the Ulsan petrochemical complex, South Korea. A vehicle-mounted Me-DOAS system conducted monthly measurements throughout 2024, capturing data during four daily intervals to evaluate diurnal variation. Routes included perimeter loops and grid-based transects within core industrial zones. The highest benzene concentrations were observed in February (mean: 64.28 \u00b1 194.69 \u00b5g\/m3; geometric mean: 5.13 \u00b5g\/m3), with exceedances of the national annual standard (5 \u00b5g\/m3) in several months. Notably, nighttime and early morning sessions showed elevated levels, suggesting contributions from nocturnal operations and meteorological conditions such as atmospheric inversion. A total of 179 exceedances (\u226530 \u00b5g\/m3) were identified, predominantly in zones with benzene-handling activities. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between high concentrations and specific emission sources. These results demonstrate the utility of Me-DOAS in capturing spatiotemporal emission dynamics and support its application in exposure risk assessment and industrial emission control. The findings provide a robust framework for targeted management strategies and call for integration with source apportionment and dispersion modeling tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1754383615000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatiotemporal Assessment of Benzene Exposure Characteristics in a Petrochemical Industrial Area Using Mobile-Extraction Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Me-DOAS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dong keun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdong River Basin Environment Office, Changwon-si 51439, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdong River Basin Environment Office, Changwon-si 51439, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-hee","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdong River Basin Environment Office, Changwon-si 51439, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-sig","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdong River Basin Environment Office, Changwon-si 51439, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3156-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-kyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Strategy Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Cheoldo Bangmulgwanro, Uiwang-si 16105, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeseok","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Environmental Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Cheoldo Bangmulgwanro, Uiwang-si 16105, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duckshin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Environmental Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Cheoldo Bangmulgwanro, Uiwang-si 16105, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Chemical Safety (2015). 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