{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:57Z","timestamp":1760060037000,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006831","name":"the Air Force Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA8650-21-C-6252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA8650-21-C-6252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an immunologic reaction to a dermal chemical exposure that, once triggered in an individual, will result in an allergic response following subsequent encounters with the allergen. Air Force epidemiological consultations have indicated that aircraft structural maintenance workers may experience ACD at elevated rates compared to other occupations. We aimed to better understand the utility of non-animal testing methods in characterizing the sensitization potential of chemicals used during Air Force operations by evaluating the skin sensitization hazard of Air Force-relevant chemicals using new approach methodologies (NAMs) in a case study. We also evaluated the use of NAM data to develop preliminary candidate surface guidelines (PCSGs, maximum concentrations of chemicals on workplace surfaces to prevent induction of dermal sensitization) for chemicals identified as sensitizers. NAMs for assessing skin sensitization, including in silico models and experimental assays, were leveraged into an integrated approach to predict sensitization hazard for 19 chemicals. Local lymph node assay effective concentration values were predicted from NAM assay data via previously published quantitative models. The derived values were used to calculate PCSGs, which can be used to compare the presence of these chemicals on work surfaces to better understand the risk of Airmen developing ACD from occupational exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1754391021000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Preliminary Candidate Surface Guidelines for Air Force-Relevant Dermal Sensitizers Using New Approach Methodologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Keebaugh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AV, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432, USA"},{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AV, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432, USA"},{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3611-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argel","family":"Islas-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakeb","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Hilberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Cantrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaroslav G.","family":"Chushak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Mattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Clewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"Eagle Integrated Services, Inc., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7751-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine A.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"},{"name":"Navy and Marine Corps Force Health Protection Command, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00173-4","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"2","author":"Kimber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. 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