{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:22:48Z","timestamp":1789132968664,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P4-0092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011758","name":"Ministry of Higher Education Science, and Technology of Slovenia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P4-0092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011758","name":"Ministry of Higher Education Science, and Technology of Slovenia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are highly effective, but can be of environmental concern due to primary and secondary non-target exposure, with the latter possible being relevant to domestic cats. Therefore, liver residues of ARs and an alternative rodenticide, \u03b1-chloralose, were systematically monitored in domestic cats for the first time in the current study. In 2021 and 2022, the carcasses of 99 cats were collected in Slovenia and liver residues were measured by using solid supported liquid\u2013liquid extraction and LC-MS\/MS. The results show that 65% of cats carried at least one rodenticide. The second-generation ARs brodifacoum and bromadiolone were most prevalent and found in 53.5 and 25.3% of the samples, respectively. Of first-generation ARs, coumatetralyl was the most prevalent (21.2% of cats). More compounds were detected at high human population density, low farm density and in rural versus intermediate landscapes, but no effect was found for livestock density. Similar trends were found for the presence of brodifacoum, bromadiolone and all rodenticides combined. Farm density was negatively correlated with brodifacoum liver concentration. Individual factors (cat age, sex, outdoor activity) did not matter. The results indicate that a reasonably populated rural landscape, and not the rural or intermediate environment as such, is the main driver of cat exposure to ARs. The risk quotient (RQ) of worst-case acute brodifacoum poisoning was 1506. In summary, a potential environmental problem is globally highlighted for cats that is probably related to secondary exposure to ARs, with a pattern different to that seen in wild predators. Cats are an appropriate sentinel species for assessing rodenticide exposure and endangerment in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1754647002000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exposure of Domestic Cats (Felis catus) to Rodenticidal Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3876-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Cerkvenik-Flajs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbi\u010deva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"Schenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn Institute (JKI)\u2014Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, K\u00f6nigin-Luise Str. 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2715-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Korenjak-\u010cerne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva plo\u0161\u010dad 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics, Jadranska ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2961-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Perpar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5136-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn Institute (JKI)\u2014Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Rodent Research, Toppheideweg 88, D-48161 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schwonbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7661-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Kleine Bardenhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus-1, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Cvetko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbi\u010deva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitja","family":"Gomba\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbi\u010deva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_1.1","unstructured":"European Union (2012). 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