{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:07:04Z","timestamp":1790816824193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01ES025792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES025792"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01ES030378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES030378"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R21ES026084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21ES026084"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["CHEAR 2018-1599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHEAR 2018-1599"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["U2CES026533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES026533"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Experimental studies suggest that some insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides can result in liver cell death, but population-based evidence is lacking. We investigated associations between urinary pesticide metabolites and liver biomarkers among adolescents and adults in an Ecuadorian agricultural area. Methods: We examined participants in 2016 (N = 528, 11\u201317 years) and 2022 (N = 505, 17\u201324 years). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, soluble cytokeratin-18, and erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase were measured. Urinary biomarkers included four organophosphates, six neonicotinoids, three pyrethroids, two herbicides, and two fungicides. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models examined associations and introduced sex and age interaction terms and quadratic terms. Quantile g-computation evaluated the effects of pesticide mixtures. Results: No significant associations were observed between pesticide biomarkers and liver biomarkers in longitudinal or cross-sectional analyses. A curvilinear association was found between 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA; pyrethroid) and ALT (\u03b2quadratic = \u22120.35, 95% CI: [\u22120.67, \u22120.04]) in 2016, but not in 2022. Sex modified the associations of 3-PBA with AST, ALT, and CK18-M65 in adolescents (2016), with non-significant positive associations observed in males and non-significant negative associations observed in females. No pesticide mixture effects were observed. Conclusions: Urinary biomarkers of various insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and their mixtures were not associated with liver biomarkers among adolescents and young adults in agricultural settings. These largely null findings, consistent across time points, suggest background-level exposures in these settings possibly do not harm liver health in this population, though effects at higher exposures cannot be ruled out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T15:34:53Z","timestamp":1755531293000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pesticide and Liver Biomarkers Among Ecuadorian Adolescents and Adults Living in Agricultural Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra P.","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8941-3981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briana N. C.","family":"Chronister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana B.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin M.","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Lopez-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cimas del Ecuador (CIMAS), De los Olivos E14-226 y, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9738-137X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose R.","family":"Suarez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.175","article-title":"Insecticide Toxic Effects and Blood Biochemical Alterations in Occupationally Exposed Individuals in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"655","author":"Hayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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