{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:44:41Z","timestamp":1792597481886,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3713800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3713800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technology Development Program of SINOPEC, China","award":["2024YFC3713800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3713800"]}]},{"name":"Technology Development Program of SINOPEC, China","award":["323018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon tetrachloride (CT) is a toxic volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon, posing a serious hazard to ecosystem and human health. This study discussed the bioremediation possibility of groundwater contaminated by CT. Enhanced reductive dechlorination bioremediation (ERD) was used to promote the reductive dechlorination process of CT by adding yeast extract as a supplementary electron donor. The microcosm samples of the Control and Experi group were setup in the experiment, and the CT degradation efficiency and microbial community structure changes over 150 days were monitored. The results showed that the Experi group achieved complete degradation of CT within 40 days, while the control group had no significant change. By analyzing the physical and chemical indexes such as VFAs, sulfate ions, oxidation\u2013reduction potential, pH value and so on, the key changes in the degradation process of CT were revealed. Microbial community analysis showed that specific microorganisms such as Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aeromonas media and Enterobacter mori played a significant role in the degradation of CT. They may produce hydrogen through fermentation to provide electron donors for the reductive dechlorination of CT. In addition, the genes of reductive dehalogenase synthase related to CT degradation were also identified, which provided molecular evidence for understanding the biodegradation mechanism of CT. The results deliver a scientific basis for optimizing the bioremediation strategy of CT-contaminated groundwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1755789542000},"page":"704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biodegradation of Carbon Tetrachloride in Groundwater: Microbial Community Shifts and Functional Genes Involvement in Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4340-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaolei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5622-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shucai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10421","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-10421-2010","article-title":"Atmospheric three-dimensional inverse modeling of regional industrial emissions and global oceanic uptake of carbon tetrachloride","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1071\/EN13171","article-title":"Australian carbon tetrachloride emissions in a global context","volume":"11","author":"Fraser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135679","article-title":"Natural attenuation of pools and plumes of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in the transition zone to bottom aquitards and the microorganisms involved in their degradation","volume":"712","author":"Puigserver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124042","article-title":"A field study of a novel permeable-reactive-biobarrier to remediate chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated groundwater","volume":"351","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294102","article-title":"Prioritization of ground water contaminants and sources","volume":"88","author":"Knox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022). Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water (Standard No. GB 5749-2022)."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2009.06.012","article-title":"Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by zero-valent iron and related iron corrosion","volume":"91","author":"Jiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2022.06.002","article-title":"Reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride with guava leaf extract","volume":"113","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.05.025","article-title":"Ethanol enhanced carbon tetrachloride degradation in Fe(II) activated calcium peroxide system","volume":"205","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.126147","article-title":"Reductive carbon tetrachloride degradation by surfactant derived radicals in persulfate activation system","volume":"335","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.034","article-title":"Mechanism of carbon tetrachloride reduction in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide system in the presence of methanol","volume":"362","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardo, S., Roy, T.T., Inoue, C., and Chien, M.-F. (2023). A microbial consortium led by a novel Pseudomonas species enables degradation of carbon tetrachloride under aerobic conditions. Chemosphere, 319.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137988"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00102-6","article-title":"Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in a reducing groundwater environment: Implications for natural attenuation","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wu, S., Yang, Q., Liu, B., Yang, M., Fei, W., Tang, Y., and Zhang, X. (2022). Effect of the degradation performance on carbon tetrachloride by anaerobic co-metabolism under different external energy sources. Chemosphere, 308.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136262"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.03.076","article-title":"Successful microcosm demonstration of a strategy for biodegradation of a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethene harnessing sulfate reducing and dehalorespiring bacteria","volume":"219\u2013220","author":"Koenig","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131243","article-title":"In situ reductive dehalogenation of groundwater driven by innovative organic carbon source materials: Insights into the organohalide-respiratory electron transport chain","volume":"452","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"55","article-title":"Microbial removal of benzene from petroleum contaminated soils","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Prot. Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Agilent Technologies, Inc. (1995). Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series, Agilent Technologies, Inc.. Revision 2.1."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Leeson, A., Becvar, E., Henry, B., Fortenberry, J., and Coyle, C. (2004). Principles and Practices of Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents, Engineering Service Center. Technical report Tr-2250-Env."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126205","article-title":"BTEX biodegradation is linked to bacterial community assembly patterns in contaminated groundwater ecosystem","volume":"419","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.9.2991-2997.1993","article-title":"A highly purified enrichment culture couples the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to growth","volume":"59","author":"Holliger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1021\/es960756r","article-title":"Comparison of Butyric Acid, Ethanol, Lactic Acid, and Propionic Acid as Hydrogen Donors for the Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethene","volume":"31","author":"Fennell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1021\/es9602455","article-title":"Comparative Kinetics of Hydrogen Utilization for Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethene and Methanogenesis in an Anaerobic Enrichment Culture","volume":"30","author":"Smatlak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1021\/es9606539","article-title":"Effect of Hydrogen on Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethenes","volume":"31","author":"Ballapragada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Optimization of nitrogen removal performance and metabolic pathway of a heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain Acinetobacter johnsonii sp. N26","volume":"50","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. China"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, J., Liu, M., Feng, L., and Wang, Z. (2022). Comparative genomic analysis reveals the evolution and environmental adaptation of Acinetobacter johnsonii. Gene, 808.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145985"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.07.073","article-title":"Dark fermentative biohydrogen production by Acinetobacter junii-AH4 utilizing various industry wastewaters","volume":"46","author":"Murugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2018.03.008","article-title":"Enterobacter ludwigii strain IF2SW-B4 isolated for bio-hydrogen production from rice bran and de-oiled rice bran","volume":"10","author":"Tandon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Transformation mechanism of carbon tetrachloride and the associated micro-ecology in landfill cover, a typical functional layer zone","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/8\/704\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:33:14Z","timestamp":1760034794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/8\/704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13080704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13080704","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}