{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:54Z","timestamp":1760060574858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il\u2014Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-23 212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-23 212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kalach (KL) is a glyphosate (G)-based herbicide extensively used in agricultural and urban areas in Tunisia. It has been reported that G crosses the placenta in pregnant rats, potentially disrupting organ function in offspring. The present study examined the effects of prenatal and lactational exposure to KL on thyroid function, bone integrity, and phosphocalcic homeostasis in rat offspring. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups, group A (control group) and group B, exposed to KL (each mother rat received 0.07 mL of KL diluted in 1 mL of water by gavage). On postnatal day 14, plasma samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones, calcium, and phosphorus. Histology and immunohistochemical study of bone and thyroid, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy assessed alterations. Additionally, we complemented the in vivo study with an in silico study. We found that KL induced hypothyroidism, necrosis in thyroid tissue, and phosphocalcic imbalance, leading to skeletal abnormalities. Structural and mineralization defects in bone were confirmed by FTIR and XRD analysis. The in silico study revealed that G bids to growth hormone receptors and thyroglobulin with good affinity, corroborating the in vivo findings. In conclusion, KL may interfere with bone tissue, growth hormone receptors, and thyroglobulin, impair hypothyroidism, and function as an endocrine disruptor exposure. Consequently, KL induces disorganization of the femoral growth plate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to Kalach, a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide, During Pregnancy and Lactation Induces Hypothyroidism and Bone Disorders in Rat Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1838-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latifa","family":"Hamdaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histophysiology of Developmental and Induced Pathologies (LR19ES12), Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafedh","family":"El Feki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, B.P. 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Ben Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histophysiology of Developmental and Induced Pathologies (LR19ES12), Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassane","family":"Oudadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Compus Beaulieu, Rennes University, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Atwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2926-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mohajja Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0672-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faten","family":"Brahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hmed","family":"Ben-Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit UR 12 ES 13, Laboratory of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riadh","family":"Badraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55212, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Cytology, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El-Manar University, La Rabta-Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Rebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histophysiology of Developmental and Induced Pathologies (LR19ES12), Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2011.11.010","article-title":"Measuring the effects of pesticides on bacterial communities in soil: A critical review","volume":"49","author":"Imfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. 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