{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:27:36Z","timestamp":1790623656082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Abiogenesis is hypothesized to have occurred in the aquatic environments of the early Earth approximately 3.8\u20134.0 billion years ago, in oceans containing high concentrations of ions (Na+ \u2248 470 mmol\/L, Cl\u2212 \u2248 545 mmol\/L, Mg2+ \u2248 51\u201353 mmol\/L, Ca2+ \u2248 10 mmol\/L, K+ \u2248 10 mmol\/L, SO42\u2212 \u2248 28\u201354 mmol\/L, HCO3\u2212 \u2248 2.3 mmol\/L). Primitive membranes evolved ion-regulatory mechanisms to sustain electrochemical gradients, enabling metabolic activity. Objectives: This review compares the composition of amniotic fluid (AF) to seawater, framing AF as a \u201cbiological ocean\u201d for the fetus, and evaluates the impact of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on this protected milieu. Methods: We synthesized data from published studies on concentrations of and ions and other important substances in AF during pregnancy and compared them with marine values. Reports of MNPs detected in placenta, AF, and human organs were systematically reviewed. Results: AF exhibits high ionic similarity to seawater, although the absolute concentrations of ions are lower, reflecting evolutionary conservation. Recent analytical studies identified MNPs in samples of human placenta (4\u201310 particles per 1 g of tissue), meconium (median 3\u20135 particles per g), and AF (detectable in &gt;60% of tested samples). Co-exposure to heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and endocrine disruptors were reported in 20\u201340% of maternal\u2013fetal samples. Conclusions: The analogy between oceans and AF underscores a conserved evolutionary continuum. However, the infiltration of MNPs into intrauterine environments is a novel toxicological challenge with potential implications for neurodevelopment, immune programming, and epigenetic regulation. Within the One Health framework, protecting AF from anthropogenic contaminants is as critical as safeguarding marine ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T11:51:43Z","timestamp":1757937103000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Amniotic Fluid and Ocean Water: Evolutionary Echoes, Chemical Parallels, and the Infiltration of Micro- and Nanoplastics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2579-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Sassuolo Hospital, 41049 Sassuolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branscomb, E., and Russell, M.J. 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