{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:23:34Z","timestamp":1786537414534,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study\u2019s objective was to evaluate genotoxic effects on automotive paint workers who are exposed to a complex mixture of VOCs, heavy metals, and solvents. Biological samples, including blood, urine, and buccal epithelial cells, were collected from 80 exposed workers and 80 demographically matched control subjects. DNA damage was assessed using the alkaline COMET assay in lymphocytes and whole blood. The Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay was also employed to identify cytogenetic abnormalities. Additionally, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hippuric acid (HA), phenol, and lead (Pb) levels were measured as biomarkers of exposure. A significant increase in DNA damage was observed in the lymphocytes and whole blood of exposed workers (p &lt; 0.05) BMCyt analysis also revealed higher frequencies of micronuclei (MN), binucleated cells, condensed chromatin (CC), and karyorrhectic (KHC) and pyknotic cells (PYC) in buccal cells (p &lt; 0.05). Elevated levels of urinary HA, phenol, TCA, and blood lead indicated systemic chemical exposure. DNA damage positively correlated with these biomarkers, supporting a strong link between chronic occupational exposure and genotoxicity. The findings from this study highlight the critical importance of implementing effective safety measures and consistent biomonitoring for paint workers to prevent adverse health effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T11:00:00Z","timestamp":1758106800000},"page":"785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chronic Occupational Exposure to Chemical Mixtures Induces Genomic Instability in Paint Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Servet Birgin","family":"\u0130rita\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve G\u00fcd\u00fcl","family":"Bacanl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences University, 06018 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0290-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","family":"Taner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Bursa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vugar Ali","family":"T\u00fcrksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00fctfiye","family":"Tutkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Association of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Hygiene, 06660 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6mer H\u0131n\u00e7","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe Nur\u015fen","family":"Ba\u015faran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ba\u015fkent University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2010). 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