{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:27:50Z","timestamp":1791026870963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study three composite materials based on iron in combination with bismuth, copper or lithium carbonates FeNO3@Li2CO3 (SFL), FeNO3@CuCO3 (SFC), and FeNO3@(BiO)2CO3 (SFB) were synthesized by coprecipitation. The purpose was to obtain materials that possess targeted adsorbent properties for the recovery of silver ions from aqueous solutions. After synthesis, to emphasize the adsorptive qualities of materials for the recovery of silver ions, the synthesized composite materials, as well as those doped with silver ions following the adsorption process (SFL-Ag, SFC-Ag, and SFB-Ag), were characterized and several adsorption-specific parameters were examined, including temperature, contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and the initial concentration of silver ions in solution. Subsequently, the ideal adsorption conditions were determined to be as follows: pH &gt; 4, contact time 60 min, temperature 298 K, and solid\u2013liquid ratio (S\u2013L) of 0.1 g of adsorbent to 25 mL of Ag (I) solution for all three materials. The Langmuir model properly fits the experimental equilibrium data of the adsorption process; however, the Ho\u2013McKay model closely represents the adsorption kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacities of the materials, 19.7 mg Ag(I)\/g for SFC, 19.3 mg Ag(I)\/g for SFB, and 19.9 mg Ag(I)\/g for SFL, are comparable. The adsorption mechanism is physical in nature, as evidenced by the activation energies of 1.6 kJ\/mol for SFC, 4.15 kJ\/mol for SFB, and 1.32 kJ\/mol for SFL. The highest Ag(I) concentration used for doping all three materials in the study was 150 mg Ag(I)\/L. The process is endothermic, spontaneous, and takes place at the interface between the adsorbent and the adsorbate, according to thermodynamic theory. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans microorganisms was evaluated by rate of inhibition assessment. The SFC-Ag material showed a percentage of 100% inhibition with respect to the positive control for each microorganism. All synthetized materials have better efficiency as antifungal agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T09:12:23Z","timestamp":1759223543000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Iron\u2013Carbonate (Bi, Cu, Li) Composites with Antimicrobial Activity After Silver(I) Ion Adsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Berbentea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University Timisoara, Vasile Parvan Blvd, No. 6, 300006 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Ciopec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University Timisoara, Vasile Parvan Blvd, No. 6, 300006 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Negrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University Timisoara, Vasile Parvan Blvd, No. 6, 300006 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petru","family":"Negrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University Timisoara, Vasile Parvan Blvd, No. 6, 300006 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"ISIM-National Research and Development Institute for Welding and Material Testing, Mihai Viteazul Blvd., No. 30, 300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta Sorina","family":"Neme\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Renewable Energies\u2014ICER, Politehnica University Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu Street, No. 138, 300774 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Pascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Renewable Energies\u2014ICER, Politehnica University Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu Street, No. 138, 300774 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3128-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Svera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr. A. 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Podeanu Street, No. 144, 300569 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5015-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narcis","family":"Du\u0163eanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University Timisoara, Vasile Parvan Blvd, No. 6, 300006 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"Ian\u0103\u015fi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coriolan Dr\u0103gulescu Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Blvd, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8475-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsina","family":"Verdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coriolan Dr\u0103gulescu Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Blvd, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8871-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Suba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coriolan Dr\u0103gulescu Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Blvd, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Marius","family":"Duda-Seiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9100-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Centre on Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, July 12). 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