{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1780493201432,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82304093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U22A20407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bisphenols (BPs) are present in medical instruments, plastic containers, and personal care products (PCPs). Bisphenol A has been replaced by its alternatives, bisphenol S, F, AF, and B. Due to the awareness of their toxicity, mixed exposure to these alternatives at the regional level has been given less attention; there is a need to study this area of research. This meta-analysis examined the exposure of urinary bisphenol A and its metabolites to blood Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid axis hormones (HPT axis hormones) in pregnant women and adult males and females. We searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL until 8 January 2025, yielding 4588 articles using the PECO framework. Quality assessment was done using AHRQ: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality for cross-sectional and NOS: Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cohort studies, with combined exposure evaluated using random and fixed-effect models. The I2 test assessed heterogeneity. We included eighteen studies for the final analysis. Fixed-effect model estimates revealed that BPA is negatively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in female and male adults (\u03b2 = \u22120.02; 95% CI = \u22120.04 to \u22120.01); (\u03b2 = \u22120.08; 95% CI = \u22120.14 to \u22120.02). In Females, BPA was positively associated with free thyroxine, FT4 (\u03b2 = 0.001, 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.001). In the male group, BPA was negatively associated with FT4 (\u03b2 = \u22120.001, 95% CI, \u22120.001 to \u22120.001). As per pregnant women, there was no association found between exposure to bisphenols and total Thyroxine (TT4), FT4, and TSH in both trimesters (\u03b2 = 0.010, 95% CI = \u22120.030 to 0.050); (\u03b2 = 0.001, 95% CI = \u22120.010 to 0.010); (\u03b2 = \u22120.001, 95% CI = \u22120.010 to 0.001), respectively, for early pregnancy. Bisphenols can significantly influence HPT axis hormones in adult males, females, and pregnant women. Gender-based studies were observed, concluding that adult females are more affected by bisphenol exposures than adult males. The subgroup analysis based on the regions did not reveal any associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:16:29Z","timestamp":1759241789000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Bisphenol Exposure and Serum Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Axis Hormone Levels in Adults and Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5722-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazhar","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiurun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Manyori","family":"Bigambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy and Public Management, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC 20001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Chitakwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Kafauit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinrou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1658-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanquan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yankai","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from The Endocrine Society","volume":"153","author":"Zoeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimmino, I., Fiory, F., Perruolo, G., Miele, C., Beguinot, F., Formisano, P., and Oriente, F. (2020). Potential Mechanisms of Bisphenol A (BPA) Contributing to Human Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165761"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2012.687171","article-title":"The influence of TCS on the growth and behavior of the freshwater snail, Physa acuta","volume":"47","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.286","article-title":"Occurrence of personal care products as emerging chemicals of concern in water resources: A review","volume":"595","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.07.010","article-title":"Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA)","volume":"24","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134028","article-title":"Levels of parabens and bisphenols in personal care products and urinary concentrations in Indian young adult women: Implications for human exposure and health risk assessment","volume":"297","author":"Jala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-014-0016-8","article-title":"A survey of alkylphenols, bisphenols, and triclosan in personal care products from China and the United States","volume":"67","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.06.009","article-title":"Human exposure to bisphenol A","volume":"226","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.04.010","article-title":"Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: A review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020209","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action is disrupted by bisphenol A as an antagonist","volume":"87","author":"Moriyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1503","article-title":"The xenoestrogen bisphenol A inhibits postembryonic vertebrate development by antagonizing gene regulation by thyroid hormone","volume":"150","author":"Heimeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.001","article-title":"Thyroid hormone parameters during pregnancy in relation to urinary bisphenol A concentrations: A repeated measures study","volume":"104","author":"Aung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205092","article-title":"Maternal urinary bisphenol a during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal thyroid function in the CHAMACOS study","volume":"121","author":"Chevrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.03.003","article-title":"Gestational urinary bisphenol A and maternal and newborn thyroid hormone concentrations: The HOME Study","volume":"138","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2019.34.4.340","article-title":"Bisphenols and Thyroid Hormone","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408989","article-title":"Bisphenol S and F: A systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of bisphenol A substitutes","volume":"123","author":"Rochester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2019.1701986","article-title":"Substitution of bisphenol A: A review of the carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disruption potential of alternative substances","volume":"50","author":"Hessel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1438","article-title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Stroke Events and Fatal Stroke: An Individual Participant Data Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Chaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2255","article-title":"Thyroid Function Within the Reference Range and the Risk of Stroke: An Individual Participant Data Analysis","volume":"101","author":"Chaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of bisphenol A and its analogues as endocrine disruptors influencing the thyroid gland: A short review","volume":"89","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-019-0066-0","article-title":"Levothyroxine before conception in women with thyroid antibodies: A step forward in the management of thyroid disease in pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Negro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87170","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21817-3","article-title":"Associations of bisphenol exposure with thyroid hormones in pregnant women: A prospective birth cohort study in China","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.144","article-title":"Associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A levels, and serum thyroid hormones among the Korean adult population\u2014Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012-2014","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318280e02f","article-title":"Urinary bisphenol a concentration and thyroid function in Chinese adults","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103582","article-title":"Relationship between urinary phthalate and bisphenol A concentrations and serum thyroid measures in U.S. adults and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008","volume":"119","author":"Meeker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12141","article-title":"The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"UnitsLab (2025, March 20). Online Converter from Conventional to SI Units. Available online: https:\/\/unitslab.com\/node\/135."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","article-title":"Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Jpttj, H., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2024). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4, Cochrane. Updated August 2023."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"153","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.002","article-title":"Phenols and parabens in relation to reproductive and thyroid hormones in pregnant women","volume":"151","author":"Aker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.006","article-title":"Associations between maternal phenol and paraben urinary biomarkers and maternal hormones during pregnancy: A repeated measures study","volume":"113","author":"Aker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"28","article-title":"A repeated measures study of phenol, paraben and Triclocarban urinary biomarkers and circulating maternal hormones during gestation in the Puerto Rico PROTECT cohort","volume":"18","author":"Aker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health A Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105123","article-title":"Association of urinary bisphenols and triclosan with thyroid function during early pregnancy","volume":"133","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106160","article-title":"Association of urinary bisphenols during pregnancy with maternal, cord blood and childhood thyroid function","volume":"146","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108433","article-title":"Associations of urinary non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers with early-to-mid pregnancy plasma sex-steroid and thyroid hormones","volume":"183","author":"Ryva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.12.003","article-title":"Daily intake of bisphenol A and triclosan and their association with anthropometric data, thyroid hormones and weight loss in overweight and obese individuals","volume":"76","author":"Geens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124918","article-title":"Urinary bisphenol A and thyroid function by BMI in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012-2014","volume":"240","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07705-8","article-title":"Maternal urinary bisphenol A concentration and thyroid hormone levels of Chinese mothers and newborns by maternal body mass index","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30739-7","article-title":"Sex-specific association of exposure to a mixture of phenols, parabens, and phthalates with thyroid hormone and antibody levels in US adolescents and adults","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29932-5","article-title":"Association of urinary bisphenols with thyroid function in the general population: A cross-sectional study of an industrial park in China","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.01.017","article-title":"Human exposure to a mixture of endocrine disruptors and serum levels of thyroid hormones: A cross-sectional study","volume":"125","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116754","article-title":"Association of exposure to a mixture of phenols, parabens, and phthalates with altered serum thyroid hormone levels and the roles of iodine status and thyroid autoantibody status: A study among American adults","volume":"282","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-9889-y","article-title":"Association between bisphenol A and abnormal free thyroxine level in men","volume":"44","author":"Sriphrapradang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337231156284","article-title":"Association between bisphenol A exposure and thyroid dysfunction in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10753","article-title":"Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004","volume":"116","author":"Calafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0007","article-title":"Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60047","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action","volume":"122","author":"Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60408-1","article-title":"In vitro fluorescence displacement investigation of thyroxine transport disruption by bisphenol A","volume":"23","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.06.014","article-title":"Biosensor discovery of thyroxine transport disrupting chemicals","volume":"232","author":"Marchesini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1018","article-title":"Bisphenol-A, an environmental contaminant that acts as a thyroid hormone receptor antagonist in vitro, increases serum thyroxine, and alters RC3\/neurogranin expression in the developing rat brain","volume":"146","author":"Zoeller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, N., Zhou, Y., Fu, C., Wang, H., Huang, P., Wang, B., Su, M., Jiang, F., Fang, H., and Zhao, Q. (2015). Influence of Bisphenol A on Thyroid Volume and Structure Independent of Iodine in School Children. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141248"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/10\/836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:55:34Z","timestamp":1761123334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/10\/836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13100836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13100836","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}}}