{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:37:27Z","timestamp":1787060247389,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"Next Generation EU","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["533-03-23-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533-03-23-0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101139711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101139711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding how atmospheric pollutants interact with soil pollution is essential for assessing long-term environmental and human health risks. This study compares concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in PM10 and surface soil near air quality monitoring stations in Zagreb, Croatia. While previous work identified primary emission sources affecting PM10 composition in the area, this study extends the analysis to investigate potential pollutant transfer and accumulation in soils. Multivariate statistical tools, including correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), were employed to gain a deeper understanding of the sources and behavior of pollutants. Results reveal significant correlations between air and soil concentrations for several PTEs and PAHs, particularly when air pollutant data are averaged over extended periods (up to 6 months), indicating cumulative deposition effects. \u03a311PAH concentrations in soils ranged from 1.2 to 524 \u00b5g\/g, while mean BaP in PM10 was 2.2 ng\/m3 at traffic-affected stations. Strong positive air\u2013soil correlations were found for Pb and Cu, whereas PAH associations strengthened at longer averaging windows (3\u20136 months), especially at 10 cm depth. Seasonal variations were observed, with stronger associations in autumn, reflecting intensified emissions and atmospheric conditions that facilitate pollutant transfer. PCA identified similar pollutant groupings in both air and soil matrices, suggesting familiar sources such as traffic emissions, industrial activities, and residential heating. The integrated PCA approach, which jointly analyzed air and soil pollutants, showed coherent behaviour for heavier PAHs and several PTEs (e.g., Pb, Cu), as well as divergence in more volatile or mobile species (e.g., Flu, Zn). Spatial differences among monitoring sites show localized influences on pollutant accumulation. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the value of coordinated air\u2013soil monitoring in urban environments and provides an understanding of pollutant distributions across different components of the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:04:02Z","timestamp":1760537042000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Linking Atmospheric and Soil Contamination: A Comparative Study of PAHs and Metals in PM10 and Surface Soil near Urban Monitoring Stations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1468-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Ra\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"The Lisbon Council, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6000-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanko","family":"Ru\u017ei\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordana","family":"Pehnec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0556-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Jakovljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdravka","family":"Sever \u0160trukil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Rinkovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silva","family":"\u017du\u017eul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Smoljo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Zgorelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3541-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Lovri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lisbon Council, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229322601470","article-title":"Heavy metals and Metalloids in Soils, Road Dust, and Their PM10 Fractions in Sebastopol: Levels, Sources, and Pollution Risk","volume":"55","author":"Bezberdaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.209","article-title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Contents in the Urban Soils in Southern Poland","volume":"229","author":"Ciarkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.01.020","article-title":"Level, Potential Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Particulate Matter (PM10) in Naples","volume":"129","author":"Cocozziello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. 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