{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T08:35:51Z","timestamp":1761208551295,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai\u2019s Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan International Science and Technology Cooperation Project","award":["24410710100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24410710100"]}]},{"name":"2022 Naval Medical University Research and Academic \u201cVoyage\u201d Talent Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate detection of residual jellyfish venom is crucial for species identification and clinical management post-envenomation. We developed a highly specific immunoassay for Nemopilema nomurai venom using polyclonal antibodies (titer: 1:256,000). The established i-ELISA exhibited linear detection (0\u201320 ng\/mL) with low variability (intra-plate CV: 0.77\u20132.78%; inter-plate CV: 2.25\u20135.17%). The kit demonstrated remarkable thermal stability (&lt;15% signal decay after 6 days at 37 \u00b0C; detectable positivity through Day 9), suggesting &gt;1-year shelf life at 4 \u00b0C. It showed significantly higher sensitivity for N. nomurai venom than venoms from Rhopilema esculentum, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, Cyanea melanaster, scorpions, or bees (p &lt; 0.01). Validation in murine\/human skin envenomation models and serum from systemically intoxicated mice confirmed the reproducibility and stability of residual toxins. This study developed a highly sensitive, specific, reproducible, and stable i-ELISA for Nemopilema nomurai venom, providing a methodological basis for creating diagnostic kits for marine envenomation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Highly Specific Immunoassay for Residual Venom Detection of the Toxic Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0993-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9966-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9139-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biological Defense Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5887-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"H\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biological Defense Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01561.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to summer health centres in the Salento peninsula (Italy)","volume":"60","author":"Idolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-06672-x","article-title":"Acute kidney injury induced by snakebites in pediatric patients","volume":"40","author":"Messias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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