{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:53:24Z","timestamp":1792806804642,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42207318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shantou University STU Scientific Research Initiation Grant","award":["NTF23010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTF23010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01a099706","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, poses a significant threat to male reproductive health, but the underlying latent molecular mechanisms remain virtually unknown. This study investigated the effects of embryonic B[a]P exposure on testicular function and spermatogenesis in F0 and F1 adult male medaka (Oryzias latipes). Embryos were exposed to sublethal concentrations (2.5, 20, and 80 \u03bcg\/L) for 8 days and then raised in clean water until they reached adulthood. Transcriptomic analysis of F0 testicular tissues revealed widespread dysregulation of critical pathways. Exposure impaired the brain\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis by disrupting GnRH signaling and downregulating genes encoding key steroidogenic enzymes (CYP17A1, HSD3B2), indicating suppressed testosterone biosynthesis. Concurrently, pathways essential for cellular energy metabolism (AMPK signaling, insulin signaling), amino acid biosynthesis, and cytoskeletal organization (actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion) were profoundly altered. Furthermore, B[a]P activated apoptotic pathways and disrupted the balance between cell survival (PI3K-Akt signaling) and death, compromising spermatogenic cell fate. These molecular disruptions manifested in drastic physiological impairments, including a reduced gonadosomatic index, decreased sperm motility, and compromised fertilization success in F0 males, although these effects were recovered in the F1 generation. This study provides a comprehensive molecular basis for the long-term reproductive toxicity of early-life B[a]P exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Embryonic Benzo[a]pyrene Exposure Induces Multigenerational Reproductive Effects on Adult Male Medaka: Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yinhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1769-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanglong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rim EL","family":"Amouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4477-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack Chi-Ho","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Unite, Lingnan University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Marine Ecological Protection and Disaster Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiezhang","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Marine Ecological Protection and Disaster Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.1915052","article-title":"Benzo[a]pyrene osteotoxicity and the regulatory roles of genetic and epigenetic factors: A review","volume":"52","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. 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