{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:32:41Z","timestamp":1790710361731,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Public interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center CAFS","award":["NO 2025JBFZ04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO 2025JBFZ04"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012428","name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NO 2025XT0404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO 2025XT0404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012453","name":"China Agricultural Research System","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wuxi Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["K20231029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K20231029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic use in aquaculture has become widespread to sustain production and control bacterial diseases, but it poses significant ecological and human health risks due to residue accumulation and resistance development. This study investigated the occurrence, dominance, and combined use of sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics in freshwater fish aquaculture ponds around Wuxi, China. Here, the term aquaculture refers specifically to the controlled farming of freshwater fish species such as carp and crucian carp in managed pond systems. A total of 80 water samples (collected exclusively from pond waters) were obtained from 40 ponds during the high intensity rearing and harvest stage of fish. Residues of enrofloxacin and sulfonamide antibiotics were analyzed using a validated LC\u2013MS\/MS method with detection limits in the low nanogram-per-liter range. Results revealed that antibiotics were ubiquitous in pond waters, with enrofloxacin emerging as the dominant compound in August, reaching concentrations of up to 2.36 \u00b5g\/L. By October, sulfonamides, particularly sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine, became more prevalent, with a maximum sulfadiazine concentration exceeding 4 \u00b5g\/L. Multivariate analyses demonstrated a clear seasonal shift in antibiotic profiles, while correlation analyses indicated limited combined use in summer but notable co-occurrence of sulfonamides in autumn. These findings underscore that antibiotic application patterns in aquaculture are strongly linked to production stages, with potential consequences for environmental safety, resistance development, and food security. Effective monitoring, stricter regulation, and alternative disease management strategies are urgently required to mitigate risks and promote sustainable aquaculture practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:54:41Z","timestamp":1760968481000},"page":"892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Occurrence, Dominance, and Combined Use of Antibiotics in Aquaculture Ponds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8435-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Bob Samuel","family":"Simbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longxiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampa","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahr Lamin","family":"Sumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshack Chubwa","family":"Maguru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbonyiwe","family":"Chakanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haggai","family":"Gondwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpha Thaimu","family":"Bundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8906-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunlong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.04.009","article-title":"Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: Current knowledge and future priorities","volume":"34","author":"Sapkota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. 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