{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:53:24Z","timestamp":1783396404836,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016089","name":"National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["614222210022213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["614222210022213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016089","name":"National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HFNKL2025J11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFNKL2025J11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242300421237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300421237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Green Metallurgy and Process Strengthening","award":["[2023]026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023]026"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010828","name":"Department of Education of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["QJJ [2022]003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJJ [2022]003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface dust serves as a significant carrier and potential source of various pollutants in urban environments. However, limited attention has been paid to toxic metals in underground parking garages\u2019 (UPGs) surface dust. In this study, thirty surface dust samples were collected from UPGs to determine the toxic metals contents, their risk and disease burden to local residents, and their potential source. The mean contents of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, Pb, Hg, and As were 68.06, 126.48, 8.73, 27.68, 76.25, 287.07, 0.74, 4.28, 172.67, 0.24, and 8.66 mg\/kg, respectively. Accumulation index revealed that the geoaccumulation index of Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Sb, Pb, and Hg ranged from 0.52 to 1.85. Pollution load index verified that the surface dust was slightly (56.67%), moderately (30.00%), or heavily polluted (13.33%). Risk assessment revealed that the total non-carcinogenic risks for children all exceeded the acceptable level (HI &gt; 1.0). Notably, the carcinogenic burden reached 12.9 disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 population, with Cr contributing 84.1%. Furthermore, these toxic metals mainly derived from vehicle-related activities, use of coal, and the aging of decoration materials, and their accumulation in UPGs\u2019 surface dust was almost unaffected by the essential conditions of residential areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:54:41Z","timestamp":1760968481000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxic Metals in Surface Dust in Underground Parking Garages: Pollution Status, Risk and Disease Burden Assessment, and Source Apportionment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science and Engineering, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qidi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science and Engineering, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science and Engineering, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinling","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science and Engineering, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1984-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiji","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science and Engineering, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science and Engineering, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.095","article-title":"On-site assessments on variations of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 and TVOC concentrations in naturally ventilated underground parking garages with traffic volume","volume":"247","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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