{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T10:32:34Z","timestamp":1761215554649,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72574191","72374178","42505176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72574191","72374178","42505176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Project Program of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis","award":["R2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2208"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health concern, especially in developing countries. Although previous studies have suggested a link between urbanization and CKD, the existing evidence remains limited and inconsistent. We selected a sub-cohort of 5298 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All participants had normal renal function at baseline (2011) and were followed up in 2015, with renal biomarkers measured twice. Urbanization was assessed at the city level using the average nighttime light index (ANLI), derived from calibrated long-term satellite remote sensing data. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between urbanization and CKD. Our results showed that a 0.1-unit increase in ANLI was associated with a 7.3% increase in the relative risk of CKD in the fully adjusted model (OR: 1.073, 95% CI: 1.045, 1.101). Subgroup analyses indicated that females (OR: 1.106, 95% CI: 1.068, 1.145) and urban residents (OR: 1.101, 95% CI: 1.060, 1.143) were at higher risk. We also found the synergistic amplification effects of heavier air pollution (PM2.5 and NO2) and elevated temperatures on this association. Our findings provide robust evidence of a positive association between urbanization and CKD among middle-aged and elderly adults in China. More scientific and specific health investment is needed with urbanization process simultaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13110907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T09:44:30Z","timestamp":1761212670000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Urbanization on Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Function Decline: Findings from a Nation-Wide Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 9# South Huangshan Road, Zhenjiang 212002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouxin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management: A Review","volume":"322","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.08.025","article-title":"Practical Approach to Detection and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease for the Primary Care Clinician","volume":"129","author":"Vassalotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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