{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T20:15:35Z","timestamp":1762200935324,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22306209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22306209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M753745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M753745"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions of Northeast Guangdong New Functional Materials","award":["2024KSYS021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KSYS021"]}]},{"name":"Shiming Song"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Strobilurin fungicides (SFs) are widely detected in the environment, but data on their occurrence in humans and potential health effects are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the exposure to SFs in a human population from South China and to investigate their potential association with biomarkers of oxidative stress and liver damage. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed serum samples from healthy participants and secondary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (S-NAFLD) patients. Concentrations of SFs and oxidative stress biomarkers including 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2\u03b1 (8-PGF2\u03b1), 11\u03b2-prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (11-PGF2\u03b1), 15(R)-prostaglandin F2\u03b1 (15-PGF2\u03b1), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured. Associations between SF exposure, liver function biomarkers, and S-NAFLD prevalence were assessed using multivariate regression models. A mediation analysis was conducted to explore the role of oxidative stress. Results: Azoxystrobin (AZ), fluoxastrobin (FLUO), and fenamidone (FE) were the predominant compounds, with median concentrations ranging from 0.016 to 0.042 ng\/mL. Significant positive correlations were observed between all frequently detected SFs and oxidative stress biomarkers (p &lt; 0.05). FE was associated with a modest, albeit statistically significant, prevalence of S-NAFLD. AZ and FE were also found to be statistically significantly associated with altered levels of direct bilirubin (DBIL, FDR-q &lt; 0.05). The exploratory mediation analysis indicated a statistically significant indirect effect (17.1% to 31.2%), suggesting that lipid peroxidation biomarkers could serve as potential mediators between AZ exposure and DBIL levels. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of widespread SF exposure in a South Chinese population and reveals significant associations with oxidative stress and AZ exposure with liver function biomarkers (i.e., DBIL), with exploratory analyses suggesting a potential mediating role of oxidative stress in this relationship. However, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and the modest effect sizes warrant cautious interpretation. These findings highlight the need for further longitudinal research to confirm the hepatotoxicity of SFs in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13110908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T09:44:30Z","timestamp":1761212670000},"page":"908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Human Biomonitoring Evidence of Strobilurin Fungicide Exposure in South China: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Liver Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education, Institutions of Northeast Guangdong New Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qiqihar Environmental Monitoring Station, Qiqihar 161005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140611","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of Strobilurin Fungicides","volume":"742","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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